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Search Results for all work with filters:

  • Psychology, Social

Work 1-10 of 139

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Article

Nations' income inequality predicts ambivalence in stereotype content: How societies mind the gap

by Federica Durante; Susan T. Fiske; Nicolas Kervyn; Amy J. C. Cuddy; Adebowale Akande; Bolanle E. Adetoun; Modupe F. Adewuyi; Magdeline M. Tserere; Ananthi Al Ramiah; Khairul Anwar Mastor; Fiona Kate Barlow; Gregory Bonn; Romin W. Tafarodi; Janine Bosak; Ed Cairns; Claire Doherty; Dora Capozza; Anjana Chandran; Xenia Chryssochoou; Tilemachos Iatridis; Juan Manuel Contreras; Rui Costa-Lopes; Roberto González; Janet I. Lewis; Gerald Tushabe; Jacques-Philippe Leyens; Renee Mayorga; Nadim N. Rouhana; Vanessa Smith Castro; Rolando Perez; Rosa Rodríguez-Bailón; Miguel Moya; Elena Morales Marente; Marisol Palacios Gálvez; Chris G. Sibley; Frank Asbrock; Chiara C. Storari

2013

Subjects
  • Psychology, Social
  • File Download
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Abstract:Close

Income inequality undermines societies: The more inequality, the more health problems, social tensions, and the lower social mobility, trust, life expectancy. Given people's tendency to legitimate existing social arrangements, the stereotype content model (SCM) argues that ambivalence-perceiving many groups as either warm or competent, but not both-may help maintain socio-economic disparities. The association between stereotype ambivalence and income inequality in 37 cross-national samples from Europe, the Americas, Oceania, Asia, and Africa investigates how groups' overall warmth-competence, status-competence, and competition-warmth correlations vary across societies, and whether these variations associate with income inequality (Gini index). More unequal societies report more ambivalent stereotypes, whereas more equal ones dislike competitive groups and do not necessarily respect them as competent. Unequal societies may need ambivalence for system stability: Income inequality compensates groups with partially positive social images.

Article

Challenges to Identifying Depression in Men and Women Who Are Parents

by Sherryl H Goodman

2010

Subjects
  • Psychology, General
  • Psychology, Social
  • File Download
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None

Article

Staying home, distancing, and face masks: COVID-19 prevention among U.S. women in the COPE study

by Katherine M. Anderson; Jamila K. Stockman

2021

Subjects
  • Health Sciences, Public Health
  • Psychology, Social
  • File Download
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Abstract:Close

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly impacted United States residents. Prevention behaviors are critical to minimizing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the U.S., to ultimately reduce the health, social, and economic burdens of COVID-19. Yet, health behavior decision-making is complex, and uptake of preventative behaviors has been variable. Women may provide pro-prevention behavior modeling to their networks, facilitating uptake diffusion. The COPE Study enrolled 491 women residing in the United States from May to June of 2020; women completed an online survey of COVID-19 experiences and prevention behaviors. We employed binary logistic modeling to identify factors predicting women’s practice of (1) staying home except for essential activities, (2) physical distancing in public, and (3) wearing a face mask in public. Findings demonstrate that women’s prevention behaviors are influenced by multilevel factors. Women living in urban environments, having minimal formal education, or having a household annual income of USD 30,000–50,000 are less likely to practice prevention behaviors. Cultural context may be an important factor in the decision-making process. Results aid in the identification what interventional “levers” may warrant consideration to promote uptake of such behaviors, and whom to engage. Because women are modelers of behavior, it is critical to engage them in prevention behavior interventions.

Article

Peace lessons from an unlikely source

by Frans B M De Waal

2004

Subjects
  • Psychology, Behavioral
  • Psychology, Social
  • File Download

Article

Do chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) console a bereaved mother?

by Zoe Goldsborough; Edwin J. C. van Leeuwen; Kayla W. T. Kolff; Franciscus de Waal; Christine E. Webb

2020

Subjects
  • Psychology, Behavioral
  • Psychology, Social
  • File Download
  • View Abstract

Abstract:Close

Comparative thanatology encompasses the study of death-related responses in non-human animals and aspires to elucidate the evolutionary origins of human behavior in the context of death. Many reports have revealed that humans are not the only species affected by the death of group members. Non-human primates in particular show behaviors such as congregating around the deceased, carrying the corpse for prolonged periods of time (predominantly mothers carrying dead infants), and inspecting the corpse for signs of life. Here, we extend the focus on death-related responses in non-human animals by exploring whether chimpanzees are inclined to console the bereaved: the individual(s) most closely associated with the deceased. We report a case in which a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) mother experienced the loss of her fully developed infant (presumed stillborn). Using observational data to compare the group members’ behavior before and after the death, we found that a substantial number of group members selectively increased their affiliative expressions toward the bereaved mother. Moreover, on the day of the death, we observed heightened expressions of species-typical reassurance behaviors toward the bereaved mother. After ruling out several alternative explanations, we propose that many of the chimpanzees consoled the bereaved mother by means of affiliative and selective empathetic expressions.

Article

In-group conformity sustains different foraging traditions in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)

by Marietta Dindo; Andrew Whiten; Frans B M De Waal

2009

Subjects
  • Biology, Zoology
  • Psychology, Behavioral
  • Psychology, Social
  • File Download
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Abstract:Close

Background: Decades of research have revealed rich cultural repertoires encompassing multiple traditions in wild great apes, a picture crucially complemented by experimental simulations with captive apes. Studies with wild capuchin monkeys, the most encephalized simian species, have indicated a New World convergence on these cultural phenomena, involving multiple traditions and tool use. However, experimental studies to date are in conflict with such findings in concluding that capuchins, like other monkeys, show minimal capacities for social learning. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here we report a new experimental approach in which the alpha male of each of two groups of capuchins was trained to open an artificial foraging device in a quite different way, using either a slide or lift action, then reunited with his group. In each group a majority of monkeys, 8 of 11 and 13 of 14, subsequently mastered the task. Seventeen of the successful 21 monkeys discovered the alternative action to that seeded in the group, performing it a median of 4 times. Nevertheless, all 21 primarily adopted the technique seeded by their group's alpha male. Median proportions of slide versus lift were 0.96 for the group seeded with slide versus 0. 01 for the group seeded with lift. Conclusions/Significance: These results suggest a striking effect of social conformity in learned behavioral techniques, consistent with field reports of capuchin traditions and convergent on the only other species in which such cultural phenomena have been reported, chimpanzees and humans.

Article

Asian elephants ( Elephas maximus ) reassure others in distress

by Joshua M. Plotnik; Frans De Waal

2014

Subjects
  • Psychology, Social
  • Biology, Zoology
  • Biology, Ecology
  • File Download
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Abstract:Close

Contact directed by uninvolved bystanders toward others in distress, often termed consolation, is uncommon in the animal kingdom, thus far only demonstrated in the great apes, canines, and corvids. Whereas the typical agonistic context of such contact is relatively rare within natural elephant families, other causes of distress may trigger similar, other-regarding responses. In a study carried out at an elephant camp in Thailand, we found that elephants affiliated significantly more with other individuals through directed, physical contact and vocal communication following a distress event than in control periods. In addition, bystanders affiliated with each other, and matched the behavior and emotional state of the first distressed individual, suggesting emotional contagion. The initial distress responses were overwhelmingly directed toward ambiguous stimuli, thus making it difficult to determine if bystanders reacted to the distressed individual or showed a delayed response to the same stimulus. Nonetheless, the directionality of the contacts and their nature strongly suggest attention toward the emotional states of conspecifics. The elephants’ behavior is therefore best classified with similar consolation responses by apes, possibly based on convergent evolution of empathic capacities.

Article

Context modulates signal meaning in primate communication

by Jessica C. Flack; Frans B M De Waal

2007

Subjects
  • Psychology, Behavioral
  • Psychology, Social
  • Biology, Zoology
  • File Download
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A central issue in the evolution of social complexity and the evolution of communication concerns the capacity to communicate about increasingly abstract objects and concepts. Many animals can communicate about immediate behavior, but to date, none have been reported to communicate about behavior during future interactions. In this study, we show that a special, unidirectional, cost-free dominance-related signal used by monkeys (pigtailed macaques: Macaca nemestrina) means submission (immediate behavior) or subordination (pattern of behavior) depending on the context of usage. We hypothesize that to decrease receiver uncertainty that the signal object is subordination, senders shift contextual usage from the conflict context, where the signal evolved, to a peaceful one, in which submission is unwarranted. We predict and find that deceasing receiver uncertainty through peaceful signal exchange facilitates the development of higher quality social relationships: Individuals exchanging the peaceful variant groom and reconcile more frequently and fight less frequently than individuals exchanging signals only in the conflict context or no signals. We rule out alternative hypotheses, including an underlying reciprocity rule, temperament, and proximity effects. Our results suggest that primates can communicate about behavioral patterns when these concern relationship rules. The invention of signals decreasing uncertainty about relationship state is likely to have been critical for the evolution of social complexity and to the emergence of robust power structures that feed down to influence rapidly changing individual behavior.

Article

The Abbreviated Dimensions of Temperament Survey: Factor Structure and Construct Validity Across Three Racial/Ethnic Groups

by Michael Windle; Margit Wiesner; Marc N. Elliott; Jan L. Wallander; David E. Kanouse; Mark A. Schuster

2015

Subjects
  • Psychology, Behavioral
  • Psychology, Social
  • Education, Educational Psychology
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The factor structure, reliability, and construct validity of an abbreviated version of the Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey (DOTS–R) were evaluated across Black, Hispanic, and White early adolescents. Primary caregivers reported on 5 dimensions of temperament for 4,701 children. Five temperament dimensions were identified via maximum likelihood exploratory factor analysis and were labeled flexibility, general activity level, positive mood, task orientation, and sleep rhythmicity. Multigroup mean and covariance structures analysis provided partial support for strong factorial invariance across these racial/ethnic groups. Mean level comparisons indicated that relative to Hispanics and Blacks, Whites had higher flexibility, greater sleep regularity, and lower activity. They also reported higher positive mood than Blacks. Blacks, relative to Hispanics, had higher flexibility and lower sleep regularity. Construct validity was supported as the 5 temperament dimensions were significantly correlated with externalizing problems and socioemotional competence. This abbreviated version of the DOTS–R could be used across racial/ethnic groups of early adolescents to assess significant dimensions of temperament risk that are associated with mental health and competent (healthy) functioning.

Article

Differences in psychological readiness for return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament injury is evident in thigh musculature motor unit characteristics

by Nathan D Schilaty; April L McPherson; Takashi Nagai; Nathaniel A Bates

2023

Subjects
  • Engineering, Biomedical
  • Psychology, Social
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Background Following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, many athletes that undergo surgery and 6–9 months of rehabilitation struggle to return to sport. Evidence suggests that psychological factors contribute to this failure to return-to-sport. Objective Determine the motor control relationship between thigh musculature motor unit characteristics and psychological readiness to return to sport between ACL-injured and healthy controls. Study design A longitudinal cohort study. Methods Athletes longitudinally completed the ACL Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) survey and isometric strength measures with a measurement of electromyography (EMG) of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus. A score cut-off of 61 on the ACL-RSI was used to divide ACL-injured groups. EMG was decomposed to provide each identified motor unit’s characteristics (amplitude, average firing rate, etc). Results Data demonstrated increased average firing rate for hamstrings (p<0.001), decreased average firing rate for vastus lateralis (p<0.001) and decreased motor unit size for both the quadriceps and hamstrings at return-to-sport post-ACL reconstruction compared with sex-matched and age-matched healthy controls (p<0.001). Furthermore, there were marked differences in disparate ACL-RSI scores between ACL-injured athletes. Conclusions At return to sport, ACL-injured athletes have major alterations of thigh musculature motor control, with smaller motor units used by those with low ACL-RSI scores. This study uniquely demonstrates objective thigh muscle motor unit characteristics that coincide with subjective reports of psychological readiness. This information will be important to address psychomotor complexes of injury for future rehabilitation protocols.
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