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Search Results for all work with filters:

  • Physics, Optics

Work 1-10 of 33

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Article

Toward optimization of blood brain barrier opening induced by laser-activated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets

by Kristina A. Hallam; Stanislav Emelianov

2019

Subjects
  • Engineering, Biomedical
  • Physics, Optics
  • Biology, Neuroscience
  • File Download
  • View Abstract

Abstract:Close

The blood brain barrier (BBB), a component of the brain’s natural defense system, is often a roadblock for the monitoring and treatment of neurological disorders. Recently, we introduced a technique to open the blood brain barrier through the use of laser-activated perfluorohexane nanodroplets (PFHnDs), a phase-change nanoagent that undergoes repeated vaporization and recondensation when excited by a pulsed laser. Laser-activated PFHnDs were shown to enable noninvasive and localized opening of the BBB, allowing extravasation of various sized agents into the brain tissue. In this current work, the laser-activated PFHnD-induced BBB opening is further explored. In particular, laser fluence and the number of laser pulses used for the PFHnD-induced BBB opening are examined and evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively to determine the effect of these parameters on BBB opening. The results of these studies show trends between increased laser fluence and an increased BBB opening as well as between an increased number of laser pulses and an increased BBB opening, however, with limitations on the extent of the BBB opening after a certain number of pulses. Overall, the results of these studies serve as a guideline to choosing suitable laser parameters for safe and effective BBB opening.

Article

Integrated optical coherence tomography and multielement ultrasound transducer probe for shear wave elasticity imaging of moving tissues

by Andrei B. Karpiouk; Donald J. VanderLaan; Kirill V. Larin; Stanislav Emelianov

2018

Subjects
  • Health Sciences, Radiology
  • Physics, Optics
  • File Download
  • View Abstract

Abstract:Close

Accurate measurements of microelastic properties of soft tissues in-vivo using optical coherence elastography can be affected by motion artifacts caused by cardiac and respiratory cycles. This problem can be overcome using a multielement ultrasound transducer probe where each ultrasound transducer is capable of generating acoustic radiation force (ARF) and, therefore, creating shear waves in tissue. These shear waves, produced during the phase of cardiac and respiratory cycles when tissues are effectively stationary, are detected at the same observation point using phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography (psOCT). Given the known distance between the ultrasound transducers, the speed of shear wave propagation can be calculated by measuring the difference between arrival times of shear waves. The combined multitransducer ARF/psOCT probe has been designed and tested in phantoms and ex-vivo studies using fresh rabbit heart. The measured values of shear moduli are in good agreement with those reported in literature. Our results suggest that the developed multitransducer ARF/psOCT probe can be useful for many in-vivo applications, including quantifying the microelasticity of cardiac muscle.

Article

Epistatic Adaptive Evolution of Human Color Vision

by Shozo Yokoyama; Jinyi Xing; Yang Liu; Davide Faggionato; Ahmet Altun; William T. Starmer

2014

Subjects
  • Biology, Genetics
  • Biology, Physiology
  • Physics, Optics
  • File Download
  • View Abstract

Abstract:Close

Establishing genotype-phenotype relationship is the key to understand the molecular mechanism of phenotypic adaptation. This initial step may be untangled by analyzing appropriate ancestral molecules, but it is a daunting task to recapitulate the evolution of non-additive (epistatic) interactions of amino acids and function of a protein separately. To adapt to the ultraviolet (UV)-free retinal environment, the short wavelength-sensitive (SWS1) visual pigment in human (human S1) switched from detecting UV to absorbing blue light during the last 90 million years. Mutagenesis experiments of the UV-sensitive pigment in the Boreoeutherian ancestor show that the blue-sensitivity was achieved by seven mutations. The experimental and quantum chemical analyses show that 4,008 of all 5,040 possible evolutionary trajectories are terminated prematurely by containing a dehydrated nonfunctional pigment. Phylogenetic analysis further suggests that human ancestors achieved the blue-sensitivity gradually and almost exclusively by epistasis. When the final stage of spectral tuning of human S1 was underway 45–30 million years ago, the middle and long wavelength-sensitive (MWS/LWS) pigments appeared and so-called trichromatic color vision was established by interprotein epistasis. The adaptive evolution of human S1 differs dramatically from orthologous pigments with a major mutational effect used in achieving blue-sensitivity in a fish and several mammalian species and in regaining UV vision in birds. These observations imply that the mechanisms of epistatic interactions must be understood by studying various orthologues in different species that have adapted to various ecological and physiological environments.

Article

Photoacoustic speckle tracking for motion estimation and flow analysis

by Hein de de Hoop; Heechul Yoon; Kelsey Kubelick; Stanislav Emelianov

2018

Subjects
  • Physics, Acoustics
  • Physics, Optics
  • File Download
  • View Abstract

Abstract:Close

This study explores photoacoustic (PA) speckle tracking to characterize flow as an alternative to ultrasound (US) speckle tracking or current PA flow imaging methods. In cases where tracking of submicrometer particles is required, the US signal-to-noise ratio and contrast might be low due to limited reflectivity of subwavelength size targets at low concentrations. However, it may be possible to perform more accurate velocimetry using PAs due to different contrast mechanisms utilized in PA imaging. Here, we introduce a PA-based speckle tracking method that overcomes the directional dependence of Doppler imaging and the limited field of view of current correlation-based methods used in PA flow imaging. The feasibility of this method is demonstrated in a potential application-minimally invasive diagnosis of ventricular shunt malfunction, where the velocity of optically absorbing particles was estimated in a shunt catheter using block matching of PA and US signals. Overall, our study demonstrates the potential of the PA-based motion tracking method under various flow rates where US imaging cannot be effectively used for specking tracking because of its low contrast and low signal-to-noise ratio.

Article

3D Segmentation of Prostate Ultrasound images Using Wavelet Transform

by Hamed Akbari; Xiaofeng Yang; Luma V. Halig; Baowei Fei

2011

Subjects
  • Physics, Optics
  • Health Sciences, Radiology
  • View on PubMed Central
  • View Abstract

Abstract:Close

The current definitive diagnosis of prostate cancer is transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided biopsy. However, the current procedure is limited by using 2D biopsy tools to target 3D biopsy locations. This paper presents a new method for automatic segmentation of the prostate in three-dimensional transrectal ultrasound images, by extracting texture features and by statistically matching geometrical shape of the prostate. A set of Wavelet-based support vector machines (W-SVMs) are located and trained at different regions of the prostate surface. The WSVMs capture texture priors of ultrasound images for classification of the prostate and non-prostate tissues in different zones around the prostate boundary. In the segmentation procedure, these W-SVMs are trained in three sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes. The pre-trained W-SVMs are employed to tentatively label each voxel around the surface of the model as a prostate or non-prostate voxel by the texture matching. The labeled voxels in three planes after post-processing is overlaid on a prostate probability model. The probability prostate model is created using 10 segmented prostate data. Consequently, each voxel has four labels: sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes and one probability label. By defining a weight function for each labeling in each region, each voxel is labeled as a prostate or non-prostate voxel. Experimental results by using real patient data show the good performance of the proposed model in segmenting the prostate from ultrasound images.

Article

In vivo safety study using radiation at wavelengths and dosages relevant to intravascular imaging

by Timothy Sowers; Don VanderLaan; Andrei Karpiouk; Daisuke Onohara; Susan Schmarkey; Serge Rousselle; Muralidhar Padala; Stanislav Emelianov

2022

Subjects
  • Physics, Optics
  • Physics, Radiation
  • File Download
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Abstract:Close

In vivo safety study using radiation at wavelengths and dosages relevant to intravascular imaging was conducted at varying power. According to the protocol and client communication, a total of 3 carotid arteries from swine were assigned to this study, in which there were seven total conditions (treatments). These consisted of two wavelengths of laser light with 3 different dosages of light at each wavelength, as well a negative control which was not irradiated with any light. After laser irradiation at several dosages, each artery was dissected into sixteen segments and placed in containers filled with 10% neutral buffered formalin. All collected samples were sent to for histology and microscopic evaluation. The pre-trimmed carotid artery segments were processed in a series of graded alcohols and xylene and paraffin wax embedded. The resulting paraffin blocks were sectioned twice serially, with an effort to capture the center of each segment, at an approximate 5 μm thickness and mounted to slide. One slide was stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and the other with Gomori’s Elastin Trichrome (GET).

Article

Coherently broadened, high-repetition-rate laser for stimulated Raman scattering-spectroscopic optical coherence tomography

by Francisco Robles; Heiko Linnenbank; Florian Moerz; Patrick Ledwig; Tobias Steinle; Harald Giessen

2019

Subjects
  • Engineering, Biomedical
  • Physics, Optics
  • File Download
  • View Abstract

Abstract:Close

We present a novel light source specifically tailored for stimulated Raman scattering–spectroscopic optical coherence tomography (SRS-SOCT), which is, to the best of our knowledge, a novel molecular imaging method that combines the molecular sensitivity of SRS with the spatial and spectral multiplexing capabilities of SOCT. The novel laser consists of an 8 W, 450 fs Yb:KGW oscillator, with a repetition rate of 40 MHz, which delivers the Stokes beam for SRS-SOCT and also pumps and amplifies an optical parametric oscillator (OPO). The output of the amplified OPO is then frequency doubled and coherently broadened using a custom-made tapered fiber that generates bandwidth pulses >40 nm, compressible to <50 fs, with the average power over 150 mW, near the shot-noise limit above 250 kHz. The broadened and compressed pulse simultaneously serves as the pump beam and SOCT light source for SRS-SOCT. This light source is assessed for SRS-SOCT, and its implications for other imaging methods are discussed.

Article

Fourier light-field microscopy

by Changliang Guo; Wenhao Liu; Xuanwen Hua; Haoyu Li; Shu Jia

2019

Subjects
  • Physics, Optics
  • Health Sciences, Opthamology
  • Engineering, Biomedical
  • File Download
  • View Abstract

Abstract:Close

Observing the various anatomical and functional information that spans many spatiotemporal scales with high resolution provides deep understandings of the fundamentals of biological systems. Light-field microscopy (LFM) has recently emerged as a scanning-free, scalable method that allows for high-speed, volumetric imaging ranging from single-cell specimens to the mammalian brain. However, the prohibitive reconstruction artifacts and severe computational cost have thus far limited broader applications of LFM. To address the challenge, in this work, we report Fourier LFM (FLFM), a system that processes the light-field information through the Fourier domain. We established a complete theoretical and algorithmic framework that describes light propagation, image formation and system characterization of FLFM. Compared with conventional LFM, FLFM fundamentally mitigates the artifacts, allowing high-resolution imaging across a two- to three-fold extended depth. In addition, the system substantially reduces the reconstruction time by roughly two orders of magnitude. FLFM was validated by high-resolution, artifact-free imaging of various caliber and biological samples. Furthermore, we proposed a generic design principle for FLFM, as a highly scalable method to meet broader imaging needs across various spatial levels. We anticipate FLFM to be a particularly powerful tool for imaging diverse phenotypic and functional information, spanning broad molecular, cellular and tissue systems.

Article

Age and Menopause Effects on Ocular Compliance and Aqueous Outflow

by Andrew Feola; Joseph M. Sherwood; Machelle Pardue; Darryl R. Overby; Christopher Ethier

2020

Subjects
  • Health Sciences, Opthamology
  • Physics, Optics
  • Health Sciences, Health Care Management
  • File Download
  • View Abstract

Abstract:Close

Purpose Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. Recent work suggests that estrogen and the timing of menopause play a role in modulating the risk of developing glaucoma. Menopause is known to cause modest changes in intraocular pressure; yet, whether this change is mediated through the outflow pathway remains unknown. Menopause also affects tissue biomechanical properties throughout the body; however, the impact of menopause on ocular biomechanical properties is not well characterized. Methods Here, we simultaneously assessed the impact of menopause on aqueous outflow facility and ocular compliance, as a measure of corneoscleral shell biomechanics. We used young (3–4 months old) and middle-aged (9–10 months old) Brown Norway rats. Menopause was induced by ovariectomy (OVX), and control animals underwent sham surgery, resulting in the following groups: young sham (n = 5), young OVX (n = 6), middle-aged sham (n = 5), and middle-aged OVX (n = 5). Eight weeks postoperatively, we measured outflow facility and ocular compliance. Results Menopause resulted in a 34% decrease in outflow facility and a 19% increase in ocular compliance (P = 0.011) in OVX animals compared with sham controls (P = 0.019). Conclusions These observations reveal that menopause affects several key physiological factors known to be associated with glaucoma, suggesting that menopause may contribute to an increased risk of glaucoma in women.

Article

Gender Differences in Case Volume Among Ophthalmology Residents

by Dan Gong; Bryan J. Winn; Casey J. Beal; Preston H. Blomquist; Royce W. Chen; Susan M. Culican; Lora R. Dagi Glass; Gary F. Domeracki; Jeffrey M. Goshe; Jeremy Jones; Albert S. Khouri; Gary L. Legault; Timothy J. Martin; Kelly T. Mitchell; Aymen Naseri; Thomas A. Oetting; Joshua H. Olson; Jeff H. Pettey; Maria A. Reinoso; Andrew L. Reynolds; R. Michael Siatkowski; Jeffrey R. SooHoo; Grace Sun; Misha F. Syed; Jeremiah P. Tao; Parisa Taravati; Darrell WuDunn; Lama A. Al-Aswad

2019

Subjects
  • Health Sciences, Opthamology
  • Physics, Optics
  • Health Sciences, Medicine and Surgery
  • File Download
  • View Abstract

Abstract:Close

Importance Although almost equal numbers of male and female medical students enter into ophthalmology residency programs, whether they have similar surgical experiences during training is unclear. Objective To determine differences for cataract surgery and total procedural volume between male and female residents during ophthalmology residency. Design, Setting, Participants This retrospective, longitudinal analysis of resident case logs from 24 US ophthalmology residency programs spanned July 2005 to June 2017. A total of 1271 residents were included. Data were analyzed from August 12, 2017, through April 4, 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Variables analyzed included mean volumes of cataract surgery and total procedures, resident gender, and maternity or paternity leave status. Results Among the 1271 residents included in the analysis (815 men [64.1%]), being female was associated with performing fewer cataract operations and total procedures. Male residents performed a mean (SD) of 176.7 (66.2) cataract operations, and female residents performed a mean (SD) of 161.7 (56.2) (mean difference, −15.0 [95% CI, −22.2 to −7.8]; P < .001); men performed a mean (SD) of 509.4 (208.6) total procedures and women performed a mean (SD) of 451.3 (158.8) (mean difference, −58.1 [95% CI, −80.2 to −36.0]; P < .001). Eighty-five of 815 male residents (10.4%) and 71 of 456 female residents (15.6%) took parental leave. Male residents who took paternity leave performed a mean of 27.5 (95% CI, 13.3 to 41.6; P < .001) more cataract operations compared with men who did not take leave, but female residents who took maternity leave performed similar numbers of operations as women who did not take leave (mean difference, −2.0 [95% CI, −18.0 to 14.0]; P = .81). From 2005 to 2017, each additional year was associated with a 5.5 (95% CI, 4.4 to 6.7; P < .001) increase in cataract volume and 24.4 (95% CI, 20.9 to 27.8; P < .001) increase in total procedural volume. This increase was not different between genders for cataract procedure volume (β = −1.6 [95% CI, −3.7 to 0.4]; P = .11) but was different for total procedural volume such that the increase in total procedural volume over time for men was greater than that for women (β = −8.0 [95% CI, −14.0 to −2.1]; P = .008). Conclusions and Relevance Female residents performed 7.8 to 22.2 fewer cataract operations and 36.0 to 80.2 fewer total procedures compared with their male counterparts from 2005 to 2017, a finding that warrants further exploration to ensure that residents have equivalent surgical training experiences during residency regardless of gender. However, this study included a limited number of programs (24 of 119 [20.2%]). Future research including all ophthalmology residency programs may minimize the selection bias issues present in this study.
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