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Search Results for all work with filters:

  • Biology, Zoology

Work 1-10 of 105

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Article

How chimpanzees cooperate in a competitive world

by Malini Suchak; Timothy M. Eppleya; Matthew W. Campbell; Rebecca A. Feldmana; Luke F. Quarlesc; Frans B M De Waal

2016

Subjects
  • Psychology, Behavioral
  • Biology, Zoology
  • File Download
  • View Abstract

Abstract:Close

Our species is routinely depicted as unique in its ability to achieve cooperation, whereas our closest relative, the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), is often characterized as overly competitive. Human cooperation is assisted by the cost attached to competitive tendencies through enforcement mechanisms, such as punishment and partner choice. To examine if chimpanzees possess the same ability to mitigate competition, we set up a cooperative task in the presence of the entire group of 11 adults, which required two or three individuals to pull jointly to receive rewards. This opengroup set-up provided ample opportunity for competition (e.g., freeloading, displacements) and aggression. Despite this unique set-up and initial competitiveness, cooperation prevailed in the end, being at least five times as common as competition. The chimpanzees performed 3,565 cooperative acts while using a variety of enforcement mechanisms to overcome competition and freeloading, as measured by (attempted) thefts of rewards. These mechanisms included direct protest by the target, third-party punishment in which dominant individuals intervened against freeloaders, and partner choice. There was a marked difference between freeloading and displacement; freeloading tended to elicit withdrawal and third-party interventions, whereas displacements were met with a higher rate of direct retaliation. Humans have shown similar responses in controlled experiments, suggesting shared mechanisms across the primates to mitigate competition for the sake of cooperation.

Article

The thief in the mirror

by Frans B M De Waal

2008

Subjects
  • Biology, Zoology
  • Psychology, Behavioral
  • Psychology, Cognitive
  • File Download

Article

Chimpanzees Prefer African and Indian Music Over Silence

by Morgan E. Eppley; Timothy M. Campbell; Matthew W. Hall; Katie Horner; Victoria De Waal; Morgan E. Mingle

2014

Subjects
  • Biology, Zoology
  • Psychology, Behavioral
  • File Download
  • View Abstract

Abstract:Close

All primates have an ability to distinguish between temporal and melodic features of music, but unlike humans, in previous studies, nonhuman primates have not demonstrated a preference for music. However, previous research has not tested the wide range of acoustic parameters present in many different types of world music. The purpose of the present study is to determine the spontaneous preference of common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) for 3 acoustically contrasting types of world music: West African akan, North Indian raga, and Japanese taiko. Sixteen chimpanzees housed in 2 groups were exposed to 40 min of music from a speaker placed 1.5 m outside the fence of their outdoor enclosure; the proximity of each subject to the acoustic stimulus was recorded every 2 min. When compared with controls, subjects spent significantly more time in areas where the acoustic stimulus was loudest in African and Indian music conditions. This preference for African and Indian music could indicate homologies in acoustic preferences between nonhuman and human primates.

Article

The monkey in the mirror: Hardly a stranger

by Frans B M De Waal; Marietta Dindo; Cassiopeia A. Freeman; Marisa Hall

2005

Subjects
  • Biology, Zoology
  • Psychology, Cognitive
  • File Download
  • View Abstract

Abstract:Close

It is widely assumed that monkeys see a stranger in the mirror, whereas apes and humans recognize themselves. In this study, we question the former assumption by using a detailed comparison of how monkeys respond to mirrors versus live individuals. Eight adult female and six adult male brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) were exposed twice to three conditions: (i) a familiar same-sex partner, (ii) an unfamiliar same-sex partner, and (iii) a mirror. Females showed more eye contact and friendly behavior and fewer signs of anxiety in front of a mirror than they did when exposed to an unfamiliar partner. Males showed greater ambiguity, but they too reacted differently to mirrors and strangers. Discrimination between conditions was immediate, and blind coders were able to tell the difference between monkeys under the three conditions. Capuchins thus seem to recognize their reflection in the mirror as special, and they may not confuse it with an actual conspecific. Possibly, they reach a level of self-other distinction intermediate between seeing their mirror image as other and recognizing it as self.

Article

Differentially deregulated microRNAs contribute to ultraviolet radiation-induced photocarcinogenesis through immunomodulation: An-analysis of microRNAs expression profiling

by Anshu Agarwal; Vikash Kansal; Humaira Farooqi; Vijay Kumar Singh; Ram Prasad

2023

Subjects
  • Biology, Zoology
  • View Abstract

Abstract:Close

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNA molecules (18–25 nucleotides) that regulate several fundamental biological processes. Emerging evidence has shown more than 1500 miRNAs functions in the cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, immune response, DNA damage, and epigenetics alterations. miRNAs are bidirectionally in nature and act as a tumor suppressor and as an oncogene through crosstalk between tumor cells and immune cells. Although the roles of miRNAs in several cancers are well studied, little is known about ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation-induced skin cancer. Here, we performed a comprehensive screening of 1281 miRNAs in tumor tissues and compared their expression with normal skin. Our results demonstrate that the expression levels of 587 miRNAs were altered in tumor tissues compared to their expression in normal skin. The expression of 337 miRNAs was upregulated from 1.5–12 folds, while the expression of 250 miRNAs was downregulated up to 1.5–10 folds in tumors. Further, intraperitoneal injection of a mimic of down-regulated miR-15b (30nM) and an inhibitor of upregulated miR-133a (20nM) protect UVB-induced suppression of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) response. In conclusion, we identified a network of altered miRNAs in tumors that can serve as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets to manage photocarcinogenesis effectively.

Article

Chimpanzee food preferences, associative learning, and the origins of cooking

by Michael J. Beran; Lydia M. Hopper; Franciscus de Waal; Ken Sayers; Sarah F. Brosnan

2016

Subjects
  • Psychology, Behavioral
  • Biology, Zoology
  • File Download
  • View Abstract

Abstract:Close

A recent report suggested that chimpanzees demonstrate the cognitive capacities necessary to understand cooking (Warneken & Rosati, 2015). We offer alternate explanations and mechanisms that could account for the behavioral responses of those chimpanzees, without invoking the understanding of cooking as a process. We discuss broader issues surrounding the use of chimpanzees in modeling hominid behavior and understanding aspects of human evolution.

Article

Using Cross Correlations to Investigate How Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Use Conspecific Gaze Cues to Extract and Exploit Information in a Foraging Competition

by Katie Hall; Mike W. Oram; Matthew W. Campbell; Timothy M. Eppley; Richard W. Byrne; Frans B M De Waal

2014

Subjects
  • Biology, Zoology
  • Psychology, Behavioral
  • File Download
  • View Abstract

Abstract:Close

In a dyadic informed forager task, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are known to exploit the knowledge of informed subordinates; however, the behavioral mechanisms they employ are unknown. It is tempting to interpret outcome measures, such as which individual obtained the food, in a cognitively richer way than the outcomes may justify. We employed a different approach from prior research, asking how chimpanzees compete by maneuvering around each other, whether they use gaze cues to acquire information from others, and what information they use in moment-to-moment decision-making. We used cross correlations, which plot the correlation between two variables as a function of time, systematically to examine chimpanzee interactions in a series of dyadic informed forager contests. We used cross correlations as a "proof of concept" so as to determine whether the target actions were contingent on, or occurred in a time-locked pattern relative to, the referent actions. A subordinate individual was given privileged knowledge of food location. As expected, an ignorant dominant followed the informed subordinate's movement in the enclosure. The dominant also followed the subordinate's gaze direction: after she looked at the subordinate, she was more likely to gaze toward this same direction within one second. In contrast, the subordinate only occasionally followed the dominant's movement and gaze. The dominant also changed her own direction of movement to converge on the location to which the subordinate directed her gaze and movement. Cross correlation proves an effective technique for charting contingencies in social interactions, an important step in understanding the use of cognition in natural situations.

Article

With a little help from a friend

by Frans B M De Waal

2007

Subjects
  • Biology, Zoology
  • Psychology, Behavioral
  • File Download

Article

Focused grooming networks and stress alleviation in wild female baboons

by Roman M Wittig; Catherine Crockford; Julia Lehmann; Robert M Seyfarth; Dorothy L Cheney; Patricia Whitten

2008

Subjects
  • Biology, Zoology
  • Psychology, Behavioral
  • File Download
  • View Abstract

Abstract:Close

We examine the relationship between glucocorticoid (GC) levels and grooming behavior in wild female baboons during a period of instability in the alpha male rank position. All females’ GC levels rose significantly at the onset of the unstable period, though levels in females who were at lower risk of infanticide began to decrease sooner in the following weeks. Three factors suggest that females relied on a focused grooming network as a coping mechanism to alleviate stress. First, all females’ grooming networks became less diverse in the weeks following the initial upheaval. Second, females whose grooming had already focused on a few predictable partners showed a less dramatic rise in GC levels than females whose grooming network had been more diverse. Third, females who contracted their grooming network the most experienced a greater decrease in GC levels in the following week. We conclude that close bonds with a few preferred partners allow female baboons to alleviate the stress associated with social instability.

Article

Animal-based national surveillance for zoonotic disease: Quality, limitations, and implications of a model system for monitoring rabies

by J. E. Childs; J. W. Krebs; Leslie Real; E. R. Gordon

2007

Subjects
  • Agriculture, Animal Pathology
  • Biology, Animal Physiology
  • Health Sciences, Epidemiology
  • Health Sciences, Public Health
  • Biology, Zoology
  • File Download
  • View Abstract

Abstract:Close

Surveillance for zoonotic diseases among wildlife is a research and public health challenge. The inherent limitations posed by the requisite human-animal interactions are often undefined and underappreciated. The national surveillance system for animal rabies in the United States was examined as a model system; reporting of animal rabies is legally mandated, each case of rabies is laboratory confirmed, and data have been consistently collected for more than 50 years. Factors influencing the monthly counts of animal rabies tests reported during 1992-2001 were assessed by univariate and multivariable regression methods. The suitability of passively collected surveillance data for determining the presence or absence of the raccoon-associated variant of rabies within states and within individual counties was assessed by determining critical threshold values from the regression analyses. The size of the human population and total expenditures within a county accounted for 72% and 67%, respectively, of the variance in testing. The annual median number of rabies tests performed was seven for counties without rabies, 22 for counties with non-raccoon rabies, and 34 for counties with raccoon rabies. Active surveillance may be required in locales with sparse human populations when a high degree of confidence in the status of rabies is required. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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