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Search Results for all work with filters:

  • 2016
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Work 1-10 of 119

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Article

Reproducing SIVnef vaccine correlates of protection: trimeric gp41 antibody concentrated at mucosal front lines

by James E. Voss; Matthew S. Macauley; Kenneth A. Rogers; Francois Villinger; Lijie Duan; Liang Shang; Elizabeth A. Fink; Raiees Andrabi; Arnaud D. Colantonio; James E. Robinson; Robert Johnson; Dennis R. Burton; Ashley T. Haase

2016

Subjects
  • Biology, Virology
  • Health Sciences, Immunology
  • Biology, Microbiology
  • File Download
  • View Abstract

Abstract:Close

Vaccination with SIV mac239 δnef provides robust protection against subsequent challenge with wild-type simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), but safety issues have precluded designing an HIV-1 vaccine based on a live-attenuated virus concept. Safe immunogens and adjuvants that could reproduce identified immune correlates of SIV mac239 δnef protection therefore offer an alternative path for development of an HIV vaccine. Here we describe SIV envelope trimeric gp41 (gp41t) immunogens based on a protective correlate of antibodies to gp41t concentrated on the path of virus entry by the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in cervical vaginal epithelium. We developed a gp41t immunogen-monophosphoryl lipid A adjuvant liposomal nanoparticle for intramuscular (i.m.) immunization and a gp41t-Fc immunogen for intranasal immunization for pilot studies in mice, rabbits, and rhesus macaques. Repeated immunizations to mimic persistent antigen exposure in infection elicited gp41t antibodies in rhesus macaques that were detectable in FcRn cervical vaginal epithelium, thus recapitulating one key feature of SIV mac239 δnef vaccinated and protected animals. Although this strategy did not reproduce the system of local production of antibody in SIV mac239 δnef-vaccinated animals, passive immunization experiments supported the concept that sufficiently high levels of antibody can be concentrated by the FcRn at mucosal frontlines, thus setting the stage for assessing protection against vaginal challenge by gp41t immunization.

Article

The Polyadenosine RNA-binding Protein, Zinc Finger Cys(3)His Protein 14 (ZC3H14), Regulates the Pre-mRNA Processing of a Key ATP Synthase Subunit mRNA

by Callie P. Wigington; Kevin J. Morris; Laura E. Newman; Anita Corbett

2016

Subjects
  • Chemistry, Biochemistry
  • Biology, Cell
  • File Download
  • View Abstract

Abstract:Close

Polyadenosine RNA-binding proteins (Pabs) regulate multiple steps in gene expression. This protein family includes the well studied Pabs, PABPN1 and PABPC1, as well as the newly characterized Pab, zinc finger CCCH-type containing protein 14 (ZC3H14). Mutations in ZC3H14 are linked to a form of intellectual disability. To probe the function of ZC3H14, we performed a transcriptome-wide analysis of cells depleted of either ZC3H14 or the control Pab, PABPN1. Depletion of PABPN1 affected - 17% of expressed transcripts, whereas ZC3H14 affected only - 1% of expressed transcripts. To assess the function of ZC3H14 in modulating target mRNAs, we selected the gene encoding the ATP synthase F 0 subunit C (ATP5G1) transcript. Knockdown of ZC3H14 significantly reduced ATP5G1 steady-state mRNA levels. Consistent with results suggesting that ATP5G1 turnover increases upon depletion of ZC3H14, double knockdown of ZC3H14 and the nonsense-mediated decay factor, UPF1, rescues ATP5G1 transcript levels. Furthermore, fractionation reveals an increase in the amount of ATP5G1 pre-mRNA that reaches the cytoplasm when ZC3H14 is depleted and that ZC3H14 binds to ATP5G1 pre-mRNA in the nucleus. These data support a role for ZC3H14 in ensuring proper nuclear processing and retention of ATP5G1 pre-mRNA. Consistent with the observation that ATP5G1 is a rate-limiting component for ATP synthase activity, knockdown of ZC3H14 decreases cellular ATP levels and causes mitochondrial fragmentation. These data suggest that ZC3H14 modulates pre-mRNA processing of select mRNA transcripts and plays a critical role in regulating cellular energy levels, observations that have broad implications for proper neuronal function.

Article

Increased Peripheral Arterial Calcification in Patients Receiving Warfarin

by Kum Han; William O'Neill

2016

Subjects
  • Health Sciences, General
  • Health Sciences, Pharmacology
  • File Download
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Abstract:Close

BACKGROUND: Matrix Gla protein is a vitamin K-dependent inhibitor of vascular calcification. Warfarin use is associated with increased breast arterial calcification, but whether this is reflective of other arteries or occurs in men is unclear. In this study, the prevalence of calcification in peripheral arteries was compared in patients with and without warfarin therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS: This retrospective matched cohort study assessed 430 patients with radiographs performed during or after warfarin therapy who were identified by a computerized search of medical records. Each patient was matched to a patient without warfarin exposure based on age, sex, and diabetes status. Patients with warfarin exposure <1 month, history of end-stage renal disease, or serum creatinine >2.0 mg/dl were excluded. Radiographs were reviewed visually for arterial calcification. The prevalence of arterial calcification was 44% greater in patients with versus without warfarin use (30.2% versus 20.9%, P=0.0023) but not on radiographs performed before warfarin therapy (26.4% versus 22.4%, n=156) or prior to 5 years of warfarin therapy. The increase was noted only in the ankle and foot, was limited to a medial pattern of calcification, and was similar in men and women. CONCLUSIONS: Warfarin use is associated with lower extremity arterial calcification in both men and women independent of age, sex, diabetes status, and other patient characteristics. This may have implications for the choice of therapies for long-term anticoagulation.

Article

Characterization of dengue virus 2 growth in megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor cells

by Kristina B. Clark; Hui-Mien Hsiao; Leda Bassit; James E. Crowe; Raymond Schinazi; Guey Chuen Perng; Francois Villinger

2016

Subjects
  • Biology, Virology
  • Biology, Microbiology
  • Health Sciences, Immunology
  • File Download
  • View Abstract

Abstract:Close

Megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor (MEP) cells are potential in vivo targets of dengue virus (DENV); the virus has been found associated with megakaryocytes ex vivo and platelets during DENV-induced thrombocytopenia. We report here that DENV serotype 2 (DENV2) propagates well in human nondifferentiated MEP cell lines (Meg01 and K562). In comparison to virus propagated in Vero cells, viruses from MEP cell lines had similar structure and buoyant density. However, differences in MEP-DENV2 stability and composition were suggested by distinct protein patterns in western blot analysis. Also, antibody neutralization of envelope domain I/II on MEP-DENV2 was reduced relative to that on Vero-DENV2. Infectious DENV2 was produced at comparable kinetics and magnitude in MEP and Vero cells. However, fewer virion structures appeared in electron micrographs of MEP cells. We propose that DENV2 infects and produces virus efficiently in megakaryocytes and that megakaryocyte impairment might contribute to dengue disease pathogenesis.

Article

Inflammatory markers are associated with decreased psychomotor speed in patients with major depressive disorder

by David Goldsmith; Ebrahim Haroon; Bobbi J. Woolwine; Moon Y. Jung; Evanthia C. Wommack; Philip D. Harvey; Michael Treadway; Jennifer Felger; Andrew Miller

2016

Subjects
  • Psychology, Behavioral
  • Health Sciences, Oncology
  • File Download
  • View Abstract

Abstract:Close

Previous data have demonstrated that administration of inflammatory cytokines or their inducers leads to altered basal ganglia function associated with reduced psychomotor speed. Decreased psychomotor speed, referred to clinically as psychomotor retardation, is a cardinal symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD) and has been associated with poor antidepressant treatment response. We therefore examined the association between plasma inflammatory markers and psychomotor speed in ninety-three un-medicated patients with MDD. Psychomotor speed was assessed by a range of neuropsychological tests from purely motor tasks (e.g. movement latency and finger tapping) to those that involved motor activity with increasing cognitive demand and cortical participation (e.g. Trails A and Digit Symbol Substitution Task (DSST)). Linear regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship of inflammatory markers and psychomotor task performance controlling for age, race, sex, education, body mass index, and severity of depression. MDD patients exhibited decreased psychomotor speed on all tasks relative to normative standards. Increased IL-6 was associated with decreased performance on simple and choice movement time tasks, whereas MCP-1 was associated with decreased performance on the finger tapping task and DSST. IL-10 was associated with increased performance on the DSST. In an exploratory principle component analysis including all psychomotor tasks, IL-6 was associated with the psychomotor speed factor. Taken together, the data indicate that a peripheral inflammatory profile including increased IL-6 and MCP-1 is consistently associated with psychomotor speed in MDD. These data are consistent with data demonstrating that inflammation can affect basal ganglia function, and indicate that psychomotor speed may be a viable outcome variable for anti-inflammatory therapies in depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders with increased inflammation.

Article

Deficiency of the Survival of Motor Neuron Protein Impairs mRNA Localization and Local Translation in the Growth Cone of Motor Neurons

by Claudia Fallini; Paul G. Donlin-Asp; Jeremy P. Rouanet; Gary Bassell; Wilfried Rossoll

2016

Subjects
  • Biology, Cell
  • Biology, Neuroscience
  • Health Sciences, General
  • File Download
  • View Abstract

Abstract:Close

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease primarily affecting spinal motor neurons. It is caused by reduced levels of the survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein, which plays an essential role in the biogenesis of spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoproteins in all tissues. The etiology of the specific defects in the motor circuitry in SMA is still unclear, but SMN has also been implicated in mediating the axonal localization of mRNA-protein complexes, which may contribute to the axonal degeneration observed in SMA. Here, we report that SMN deficiency severely disrupts local protein synthesis within neuronal growth cones. We also identify the cytoskeleton-associated growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) mRNA as a new target of SMN and show that motor neurons from SMA mouse models have reduced levels of GAP43 mRNA and protein in axons and growth cones. Importantly, overexpression of two mRNAbinding proteins, HuD and IMP1, restores GAP43 mRNA and protein levels in growth cones and rescues axon outgrowth defects in SMA neurons. These findings demonstrate thatSMNplays an important role in the localization and local translation ofmRNAswith important axonal functions and suggest that disruption of this function may contribute to the axonal defects observed in SMA.

Article

N6-Methyladenosine in Flaviviridae Viral RNA Genomes Regulates Infection

by Nandan S. Gokhale; Alexa B.R. McIntyre; Michael J. McFadden; Allison E. Roder; Edward M. Kennedy; Jorge A. Gandara; Sharon E. Hopcraft; Kendra M. Quicke; Christine Vazquez; Jason Willer; Olga R. Ilkayeva; Brittany A. Law; Christopher L. Holley; Mariano A. Garcia-Blanco; Matthew J. Evans; Mehul Suthar; Shelton S. Bradrick; Christopher E. Mason; Stacy M. Horner

2016

Subjects
  • Biology, Microbiology
  • Biology, Genetics
  • File Download
  • View Abstract

Abstract:Close

The RNA modification N6-methyladenosine (m6A) post-transcriptionally regulates RNA function. The cellular machinery that controls m6A includes methyltransferases and demethylases that add or remove this modification, as well as m6A-binding YTHDF proteins that promote the translation or degradation of m6A-modified mRNA. We demonstrate that m6A modulates infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV). Depletion of m6A methyltransferases or an m6A demethylase, respectively, increases or decreases infectious HCV particle production. During HCV infection, YTHDF proteins relocalize to lipid droplets, sites of viral assembly, and their depletion increases infectious viral particles. We further mapped m6A sites across the HCV genome and determined that inactivating m6A in one viral genomic region increases viral titer without affecting RNA replication. Additional mapping of m6A on the RNA genomes of other Flaviviridae, including dengue, Zika, yellow fever, and West Nile virus, identifies conserved regions modified by m6A. Altogether, this work identifies m6A as a conserved regulatory mark across Flaviviridae genomes.

Article

Sodium Sulfide Attenuates Ischemic-Induced Heart Failure by Enhancing Proteasomal Function in an Nrf2-Dependent Manner

by Yuuki Shimizu; Chad K. Nicholson; Jonathan P. Lambert; Larry A. Barr; Nicholas Kuek; David Herszenhaut; Lin Tan; Toyoaki Murohara; Jason M. Hansen; Ahsan Husain; Nawazish Naqvi; John Calvert

2016

Subjects
  • Health Sciences, Medicine and Surgery
  • File Download
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Background - Therapeutic strategies aimed at increasing hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) levels exert cytoprotective effects in various models of cardiovascular injury. However, the underlying mechanism(s) responsible for this protection remain to be fully elucidated. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a cellular target of H 2 S and facilitator of H 2 S-mediated cardioprotection after acute myocardial infarction. Here, we tested the hypothesis that Nrf2 mediates the cardioprotective effects of H 2 S therapy in the setting of heart failure. Methods and Results - Mice (12 weeks of age) deficient in Nrf2 (Nrf2 KO; C57BL/6J background) and wild-type littermates were subjected to ischemic-induced heart failure. Wild-type mice treated with H 2 S in the form of sodium sulfide (Na 2 S) displayed enhanced Nrf2 signaling, improved left ventricular function, and less cardiac hypertrophy after the induction of heart failure. In contrast, Na 2 S therapy failed to provide protection against heart failure in Nrf2 KO mice. Studies aimed at evaluating the underlying cardioprotective mechanisms found that Na 2 S increased the expression of proteasome subunits, resulting in an increased proteasome activity and a reduction in the accumulation of damaged proteins. In contrast, Na 2 S therapy failed to enhance the proteasome and failed to attenuate the accumulation of damaged proteins in Nrf2 KO mice. Additionally, Na 2 S failed to improve cardiac function when the proteasome was inhibited. Conclusions - These findings indicate that Na 2 S therapy enhances proteasomal activity and function during the development of heart failure in an Nrf2-dependent manner and that this enhancement leads to attenuation in cardiac dysfunction.

Article

Serum Endotoxins and Flagellin and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Cohort

by So Yeon Kong; Hao Quang Tran; Andrew Gewirtz; Gail McKeown-Eyssen; Veronika Fedirko; Isabelle Romieu; Anne Tjonneland; Anja Olsen; Kim Overvad; Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault; Nadia Bastide; Aurelie Affret; Tilman Kuhn ; Rudolf Kaaks; Heiner Boeing; Krasimira Aleksandrova; Antonia Trichipoulou; Maria Kritikou; Effie Vasilopoulou; Domenico Palli; Vittorio Krogh; Amalia Mattiello; Rosario Tumino; Alessio Naccarati; H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita; Petra H. Peeters; Elisabete Weiderpass; J. Ramon Quiros; Nuria Sala; Maria-Jose Sanchez; Jose Maria Huerta Castano; Aurelio Barricarte; Miren Dorronsoro; Marten Werner ; Nicholas J. Wareham; Kay-Tee Khaw; Kathryn E. Bradbury; Heinz Freisling; Faidra Stavropoulou; Pietro Ferrari; Marc J. Gunter; Amanda J. Cross ; Elio Riboli; W. Robert Bruce; Mazda Jenab

2016

Subjects
  • Health Sciences, Oncology
  • Health Sciences, Nutrition
  • Health Sciences, Public Health
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Background: Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are thought to be involved in colorectal cancer development. These processes may contribute to leakage of bacterial products, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and flagellin, across the gut barrier. The objective of this study, nested within a prospective cohort, was to examine associations between circulating LPS and flagellin serum antibody levels and colorectal cancer risk. Methods: A total of 1,065 incident colorectal cancer cases (colon, n = 667; rectal, n = 398) were matched (1:1) to control subjects. Serum flagellin- and LPS-specific IgA and IgG levels were quantitated by ELISA. Multivariable conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for multiple relevant confouding factors. Results: Overall, elevated anti-LPS and anti-flagellin biomarker levels were not associated with colorectal cancer risk. After testing potential interactions by various factors relevant for colorectal cancer risk and anti-LPS and anti-flagellin, sex was identified as a statistically significant interaction factor (Pinteraction < 0.05 for all the biomarkers). Analyses stratified by sex showed a statistically significant positive colorectal cancer risk association for men (fully-adjusted OR for highest vs. lowest quartile for total anti- LPS flagellin, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.10-2.51; Ptrend, 0.049), whereas a borderline statistically significant inverse association was observed for women (fully-adjusted OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.47- 1.02; Ptrend, 0.18). Conclusion: In this prospective study on European populations, we found bacterial exposure levels to be positively associated to colorectal cancer risk among men, whereas in women, a possible inverse association may exist. Impact: Further studies are warranted to better clarify these preliminary observations.

Article

Enhanced Stability of Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Encapsulated in Dissolving Microneedle Patches

by Leonard Y. Chu; Ling Ye; Ke Dong; Richard Compans; Chinglai Yang; Mark Prausnitz

2016

Subjects
  • Biology, Virology
  • Health Sciences, Immunology
  • Engineering, Biomedical
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Purpose: This study tested the hypothesis that encapsulation of influenza vaccine in microneedle patches increases vaccine stability during storage at elevated temperature. Methods: Whole inactivated influenza virus vaccine (A/Puerto Rico/8/34) was formulated into dissolving microneedle patches and vaccine stability was evaluated by in vitro and in vivo assays of antigenicity and immunogenicity after storage for up to 3 months at 4, 25, 37 and 45°C. Results: While liquid vaccine completely lost potency as determined by hemagglutination (HA) activity within 1-2 weeks outside of refrigeration, vaccine in microneedle patches lost 40-50% HA activity during or shortly after fabrication, but then had no significant additional loss of activity over 3 months of storage, independent of temperature. This level of stability required reduced humidity by packaging with desiccant, but was not affected by presence of oxygen. This finding was consistent with additional stability assays, including antigenicity of the vaccine measured by ELISA, virus particle morphological structure captured by transmission electron microscopy and protective immune responses by immunization of mice in vivo. Conclusions: These data show that inactivated influenza vaccine encapsulated in dissolving microneedle patches has enhanced stability during extended storage at elevated temperatures.
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