by
Waseem Gul;
Nicholas L. Hammond;
Muhammad Yousaf;
John J. Bowling;
Raymond Schinazi;
Susan S. Wirtz;
Garcia de Castro Andrews;
Carmen Cuevas;
Mark T. Hamann
HIV-1 integrase is one of the three most important enzymes required for viral replication and is therefore an attractive target for anti retroviral therapy. We herein report the design and synthesis of 3-keto salicylic acid chalcone derivatives as novel HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. The most active compound, 5-bromo-2-hydroxy-3-[3-(2,3,6-trichlorophenyl)acryloyl]benzoic acid (25) was selectively active against integrase strand transfer, with an IC 50 of 3.7 μM. While most of the compounds exhibited strand transfer selectivity, a few were nonselective, such as 5-bromo-3-[3-(4- bromophenyl)acryloyl]-2-hydroxybenzoic acid (15), which was active against both 3′-processing and strand transfer with IC50 values of 11 ± 4 and 5 ± 2 μM, respectively. The compounds also inhibited HIV replication with potencies comparable with their integrase inhibitory potencies. Thus, 5-bromo-2-hydroxy-3-[3-(2,3,6-trichlorophenyl)acryloyl]benzoic acid (25) and 5-bromo-3-[3-(4-bromophenyl)acryloyl]-2-hydroxybenzoic acid (15) inhibited HIV-1 replication with EC50 values of 7.3 and 8.7 μM, respectively. A PHASE pharmacophore hypothesis was developed and validated by 3D-QSAR, which gave a predictive r2 of 0.57 for an external test set of ten compounds. Phamacophore derived molecular alignments were used for CoMFA and CoMSIA 3D-QSAR modeling. CoMSIA afforded the best model with q2 and r2 values of 0.54 and 0.94, respectively. This model predicted all the ten compounds of the test set within 0.56 log units of the actual pIC50 values; and can be used to guide the rational design of more potent novel 3-keto salicylic acid integrase inhibitors.
by
Saul Martinez-Montero;
Susana Fernandez;
Yogesh S. Sanghvi;
Emmanuel A. Theodorakis;
Mervi Detorio;
Tamara Mcbrayer;
Tony Whitaker;
Raymond F Schinazi;
Vicente Gotor;
Miguel Ferrero
A series of 2′,3′-dideoxy-2′,2′-difluoro-4′- azanucleosides of both pyrimidine and purine nucleobases were synthesized in an efficient manner starting from commercially available L-pyroglutamic acid via glycosylation of difluorinated pyrrolidine derivative 15. Several 4′-azanucleosides were prepared as a separable mixture of α- and β-anomers. The 6-chloropurine analogue was obtained as a mixture of N 7 and N 9 regioisomers and their structures were identified based on NOESY and HMBC spectral data. Among the 4′-azanucleosides tested as HIV-1 inhibitors in primary human lymphocytes, four compounds showed modest activity and the 5-fluorouracil analogue (18d) was found to be the most active compound (EC 50 = 36.9 μM) in this series. None of the compounds synthesized in this study demonstrated anti-HCV activity.