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David H. Cloud, david.cloud@ucsf.edu
B.W.’s effort on this manuscript was supported, in part, by the National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health under the Aging Research in Criminal Justice Health Network (grant R24AG065175) and funding from Arnold Ventures and the Jacob and Valeria Langeloth Foundation. D.C.’s effort on this manuscript was supported, in part, by the National Institute on Drug Abuse under the Lifespan/Brown University Criminal Justice Training Program on Substance Use and HIV, Brown University (grant R25DA037190).
The authors are not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review. 1The incarceration rate in El Salvador surpassed that of the United States in 2022 following a government campaign that has resulted in mass arrests of citizens. 2While prisons and jails both share many of the same challenges, jails primarily detain people serving short sentences. Prisons, by contrast, confine people serving sentences ranging from one year to life, including those sentenced to the death penalty (in 24 states). Jails are typically geographically proximal to the communities where the people in custody live and work or where they were arrested. Prisons are often farther away from urban centers, and while ~600,000 people are released annually, prison populations are more stagnant than jail populations. In some states with especially large prison populations, a substantial percentage of people sentenced to prison terms for greater than one year are housed in local jails, in part due to limited capacity within state-operated prisons. For example, more than half of people sentenced to prison in Louisiana are physically housed in parish jails.