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Author Notes:

Joel Leonard Nicholas Barratt, E-mail: nsk9@cdc.gov

J. L. N. B.: study conception, study design, data analysis, prepared figures, prepared tables, wrote original drafts, designed bioinformatic workflows, wrote R code, taxonomic summaries and reviewed/prepared final drafts. J. S.: data analysis, prepared figures, wrote and contributed to sections on retrospective epidemiologic investigation and wrote R code. A. S.: epidemiologic data analysis conception, reviewed and edited drafts. T. R. and K. H.: wet lab work, data generation, reviewed and edited drafts. S. G. H. S.: morphologic data collection and analysis, provided consult on taxonomic nomenclature, reviewed and edited drafts. M. J. A.: reviewed and edited manuscript drafts and provision of isolates. Y. Q.: edited and reviewed manuscript drafts, generated source data and obtained source material. V. C.: edited and reviewed manuscript drafts. Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the CDC.

The authors acknowledge the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria for their time and use of resources in support of this work. The authors also acknowledge the support, through training opportunities, of the Parasitic Diseases Branch at CDC, ORAU, and the Rollins School of Public Health (Emory University) in support of fellows (J. S., T. R.).

Subject:

Research Funding:

The authors acknowledge the CDC's Office of Advanced Molecular Detection for their financial support of this work.

Keywords:

  • Cyclospora ashfordi
  • Cyclospora cayetanensis
  • Cyclospora henanensis
  • epidemiology
  • genotyping
  • speciation

Cyclospora cayetanensis comprises at least 3 species that cause human cyclosporiasis

Tools:

Journal Title:

PARASITOLOGY

Volume:

Volume 150, Number 3

Publisher:

, Pages 269-285

Type of Work:

Article | Final Publisher PDF

Abstract:

The apicomplexan parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis causes seasonal foodborne outbreaks of the gastrointestinal illness cyclosporiasis. Prior to the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic, annually reported cases were increasing in the USA, leading the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to develop a genotyping tool to complement cyclosporiasis outbreak investigations. Thousands of US isolates and 1 from China (strain CHN_HEN01) were genotyped by Illumina amplicon sequencing, revealing 2 lineages (A and B). The allelic composition of isolates was examined at each locus. Two nuclear loci (CDS3 and 360i2) distinguished lineages A and B. CDS3 had 2 major alleles: 1 almost exclusive to lineage A and the other to lineage B. Six 360i2 alleles were observed – 2 exclusive to lineage A (alleles A1 and A2), 2 to lineage B (B1 and B2) and 1 (B4) was exclusive to CHN_HEN01 which shared allele B3 with lineage B. Examination of heterozygous genotypes revealed that mixtures of A- and B-type 360i2 alleles occurred rarely, suggesting a lack of gene flow between lineages. Phylogenetic analysis of loci from whole-genome shotgun sequences, mitochondrial and apicoplast genomes, revealed that CHN_HEN01 represents a distinct lineage (C). Retrospective examination of epidemiologic data revealed associations between lineage and the geographical distribution of US infections plus strong temporal associations. Given the multiple lines of evidence for speciation within human-infecting Cyclospora, we provide an updated taxonomic description of C. cayetanensis, and describe 2 novel species as aetiological agents of human cyclosporiasis: Cyclospora ashfordi sp. nov. and Cyclospora henanensis sp. nov. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae).

Copyright information:

© The Author(s) 2022

This is an Open Access work distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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