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Email: rahmed@emory.edu
M.H., K.A., and R.A. designed experiments. M.H., K.A., R.C.O., A.W. Judong Lee, D.T.M., C.D.S, S.S.R., W.J.G., J.J.G., W.J.L., and R.A. analyzed the experiments. M.H., R.C.O., A.W. Judong Lee, D.T.M., J.L.R, C.D.S, S.J.I., Junghwa Lee, J.-X.L., B.H., and E.E.W. performed experiments. M.H. P.L., H.T.K., and W.H.H analyzed RNA-seq data. M.A.C., H.T.K., and D.J.M. analyzed scRNA-seq data. R.R.J., W.J.G., and J.J.G. analyzed ATAC-seq data. G.J.F., A.H.S., A.P., V.T., C.K., P.U., and K.A.S. contributed critical materials. M.H. and R.A. wrote the manuscript, with all authors contributing to writing and providing feedback.
This work was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants R01AI030048 (to R.A.), P01AI056299 (to R.A., G.J.F., and A.H.S.), P50CA101942 (to G.J.F. and A.H.S.), P01CA236749 (to G.J.F. and A.H.S.), R01AI129191 (to J.J.G.), P50CA217691 (to S.S.R, and R.A.), and the Roche pRED ROADS program (ROADS grant 55440 funded by Roche, ID ROADS-034; to R.A.). We thank Emory University School of Medicine Flow Cytometry Core (K. Fife and R. Karaffa), Yerkes Nonhuman Primate Genomics Core (K. Pellegrini and S. Bosinger; NIH P51OD011132), Emory Integrated Genomics Core (EIGC) Shared Resource of Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University and NIH/NCI (L. Griffiths; 2P30CA138292-04), Cancer Tissue and Pathology Shared Resource Facility of the Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University and NIH/NCI (P30CA138292), and the Mouse Histology and Phenotyping Lab at the Northwestern University Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and NIH/NCI (P30CA060553). W.H.H. is supported by NIH grant K99AI153736 and a Cancer Research Institute Irvington Postdoctoral Fellowship. S.J.I. is supported by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant 2020R1F1A1075668 funded by the Korean government (MSIT). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
R.A. has patents related to PD-1 pathway (8,652,465 and 9,457,080) licensed to Roche. A.H.S has patents and pending royalties from Roche and Novartis on intellectual property on the PD-1 pathway (patent 7,432,059 with royalties paid from Roche, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, EMD-Serono, Boehringer-Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Leica, Mayo Clinic, Dako and Novartis; patent 7,722,868 with royalties paid from Roche, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, EMD-Serono, Boehringer-Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Leica, Mayo Clinic, Dako and Novartis; patents 8,652,465 and 9,457,080 licensed to Roche; patents 9,683,048, 9,815,898, 9,845,356, 10,202,454 and 10,457,733 licensed to Novartis; and patents 9,580,684, 9,988,452 and 10,370,446 issued to none). G.J.F. has patents and pending royalties on the PD-1-PD-L1 pathway from Roche, Merck MSD, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck KGaA, Boehringer-Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Dako, Leica, Mayo Clinic and Novartis (see Supplementary Data 4). G.J.F. has served on advisory boards for Roche, Bristol Myers Squibb, Xios, Origimed, Triursus, iTeos, NextPoint, IgM, Jubilant, Trillium, GV20 and Geode. G.J.F. has equity in Nextpoint, Triursus, Xios, iTeos, IgM, GV20 and Geode. V.T., C.K. and P.U. are employed by Roche with stock options. C.K. and P.U have a patent application with Roche: WO2012107417. The other authors declare no competing interests.