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Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney, 235 Jones St, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
Nuhu Amin: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Review & editing, Visualization, Supervision. Rehnuma Haque: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing, Supervision. Md. Ziaur Rahman: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Supervision. Mohammed Ziaur Rahman: Laboratory analysis of SARS-COV-2 RT PCR, review & editing. Zahid Hayat Mahmud: Laboratory analysis of E. coli, Writing – review & editing. Rezaul Hasan: Securing of Government approval, Writing – review & editing. Md. Tahmidul Islam: Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing. Protim Sarker: Investigation, Writing – review & editing. Supriya Sarker: Securing of Government approval, Writing – review & editing. Shaikh Daud Adnan: Investigation, Writing – review & editing. Nargis Akter: Investigation, Writing – review & editing. Dara Johnston: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – review & editing. Mahbubur Rahman: Investigation, Writing – review & editing. Pengbo Liu: Laboratory analysis of SARS-COV-2 RT PCR, review & editing. Yuke Wang: Data analysis, review & editing. Tahmina Shirin: Investigation, Writing – review & editing. Mahbubur Rahman: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Project Administration, Writing – review & editing. Prosun Bhattacharya: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, validation, Writing – supervision, review & editing.
We would like to convey our gratitude to the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) under Bangladesh's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) for providing approval and necessary support to conduct the research. We acknowledged the Director, Hospital and Clinic Sections, DGHS, for his strong leadership and continuous support in collecting samples and conducting the study in selected COVID-19 and non-CVID19 hospitals. We are also thankful to the Directors, doctors, and support staff of six selected hospitals for their permission and support during sample and data collection, interviewing, and effective implementation at the facility. We are also indebted to icddr,b COVID-19 frontline workers who contributed immensely to conducting field activities to make this study successful in the bleak pandemic. In addition, support from Mohammadpur, Wari councillor offices, and study participants are praiseworthy to combat a pandemic as responsible citizens. The authors are also thankful to Professor Christine L. Moe from Emory University for her careful edits before submission.
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
We sincerely thank the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) [PD Ref. No.: BGD/PCA201840/HPD2020375] for the funding support and technical collaboration to achieve the study goal. icddr,b is also grateful to the governments of Bangladesh, Canada, Sweden, and the United Kingdom for providing core/unrestricted support.
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