Ethnic and Racial Variation in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Risk Factors and Risk Factor Burden

• Authors: Michael Frankel, Emory University; Steven J Kittner, University of Maryland; Padmini Sekar, University of Cincinnati; Mary E Comeau, Wake Forest University; Christopher D Anderson, Massachusetts General Hospital; Gunjan Y Parikh, University of Maryland; Tachira Tavarez, Rush University; Matthew L Flaherty, University of Cincinnati; Fernando D Testai, University of Illinois at Chicago; Michael L James, Duke University; Gene Sung, University of Southern California; Mitchell SV Elkind, Columbia University; Bradford B Worrall, University of Virginia; Chelsea S Kidwell, University of Arizona; Nicole R Gonzales, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth; Sebastian Koch, University of Miami; Christiana E Hall, University of Texas–Southwestern; Lee Birnbaum, University of Texas–San Antonio; Douglas Mayson, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital; Bruce Coull, University of Arizona; Marc Malkoff, University of Tennessee Health Sciences; Kevin N Sheth, Yale University; Jacob L McCauley, University of Miami; Jennifer Osborne, University of Cincinnati; Misty Morgan, University of Cincinnati; Lee A Gilkerson, University of Cincinnati; Tyler P Behymer, University of Cincinnati; Stacie L Demel, University of Cincinnati; Charles J Moomaw, University of Cincinnati; Jonathan Rosand, Massachusetts General Hospital; Carl D Langefeld, Wake Forest University; Daniel Woo, University of Cincinnati
• Journal Title: JAMA NETWORK OPEN
• Volume: Volume 4, Number 8
• Publisher: AMER MEDICAL ASSOC | 2021-08-23, Pages e2121921-e2121921
• Type of Work: Article | Final Publisher PDF
• Publisher DOI: http://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.21921
• Subjects: Biology, Biostatistics; Health Sciences, Medicine and Surgery; Health Sciences, Rehabilitation and Therapy
• Keywords: Science & Technology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine; Medicine, General & Internal; General & Internal Medicine; BODY-MASS INDEX; NON-HISPANIC WHITES; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; SLEEP-APNEA; STROKE; DISEASE; MEN; ASSOCIATION; AMERICANS; MORTALITY

Abstract

Importance: Black and Hispanic individuals have an increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) compared with their White counterparts, but no large studies of ICH have been conducted in these disproportionately affected populations. Objective: To examine the prevalence, odds, and population attributable risk (PAR) percentage for established and novel risk factors for ICH, stratified by ICH location and racial/ethnic group. Design, Setting, and Participants: The Ethnic/Racial Variations of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Study was a case-control study of ICH among 3000 Black, Hispanic, and White individuals who experienced spontaneous ICH (1000 cases in each group). Recruitment was conducted between September 2009 and July 2016 at 19 US sites comprising 42 hospitals. Control participants were identified through random digit dialing and were matched to case participants by age (±5 years), sex, race/ethnicity, and geographic area. Data analyses were conducted from January 2019 to May 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures: Case and control participants underwent a standardized interview, physical measurement for body mass index, and genotyping for the ϵ2 and ϵ4 alleles of APOE, the gene encoding apolipoprotein E. Prevalence, multivariable adjusted odds ratio (OR), and PAR percentage were calculated for each risk factor in the entire ICH population and stratified by racial/ethnic group and by lobar or nonlobar location. Results: There were 1000 Black patients (median [interquartile range (IQR)] age, 57 [50-65] years, 425 [42.5%] women), 1000 Hispanic patients (median [IQR] age, 58 [49-69] years; 373 [37.3%] women), and 1000 White patients (median [IQR] age, 71 [59-80] years; 437 [43.7%] women). The mean (SD) age of patients with ICH was significantly lower among Black and Hispanic patients compared with White patients (eg, lobar ICH: Black, 62.2 [15.2] years; Hispanic, 62.5 [15.7] years; White, 71.0 [13.3] years). More than half of all ICH in Black and Hispanic patients was associated with treated or untreated hypertension (PAR for treated hypertension, Black patients: 53.6%; 95% CI, 46.4%-59.8%; Hispanic patients: 46.5%; 95% CI, 40.6%-51.8%; untreated hypertension, Black patients: 45.5%; 95% CI, 39.%-51.1%; Hispanic patients: 42.7%; 95% CI, 37.6%-47.3%). Lack of health insurance also had a disproportionate association with the PAR percentage for ICH in Black and Hispanic patients (Black patients: 21.7%; 95% CI, 17.5%-25.7%; Hispanic patients: 30.2%; 95% CI, 26.1%-34.1%; White patients: 5.8%; 95% CI, 3.3%-8.2%). A high sleep apnea risk score was associated with both lobar (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.36-2.06) and nonlobar (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.37-1.91) ICH, and high cholesterol was inversely associated only with nonlobar ICH (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.52-0.70); both had no interactions with race and ethnicity. In contrast to the association between the ϵ2 and ϵ4 alleles of APOE and ICH in White individuals (eg, presence of APOE ϵ2 allele: OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.34-2.52), APOE alleles were not associated with lobar ICH among Black or Hispanic individuals. Conclusions and Relevance: This study found sleep apnea as a novel risk factor for ICH. The results suggest a strong contribution from inadequately treated hypertension and lack of health insurance to the disproportionate burden and earlier onset of ICH in Black and Hispanic populations. These findings emphasize the importance of addressing modifiable risk factors and the social determinants of health to reduce health disparities..