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Author Notes:

Marcos C. Vieira, Email: mvieira@uchicago.edu

M.C.V., S.C., C.D., K.K., and V.D. designed the study. M.C.V., S.C., P.A., and K.K. developed the mathematical models. M.C.V. wrote the code and performed the analysis. G.F.R. provided data on influenza B seroprevalence in children. L.L., T.W., and Q.S.H. contributed influenza B case data. M.C.V. wrote the first draft of the manuscript and all authors approved the final version.

Frank Wen helped with data collection from GISAID. This work was completed in part with resources provided by the University of Chicago Research Computing Center.

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Research Funding:

This project has been funded in part with Federal funds from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services under grant DP2 AI117921 and CEIRS Contract number HHSN272201400005C awarded to S.C.

M.V. was supported by a William Rainey Harper Dissertation Fellowship by the University of Chicago.

P.A. was supported by an NRSA Fellowship F32AI145177-01 by the National Institutes of Health.

K.K. was supported by MIDAS CIDID Center of Excellence (U54-GM111274), V.D. was supported by NIH CEIRS Contract number HHSN272201400006C, and C.D. was supported by an Early Career Fellowship (1113269) from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.

The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funding sources.

Keywords:

  • Science & Technology
  • Multidisciplinary Sciences
  • Science & Technology - Other Topics
  • LABORATORY-CONFIRMED INFLUENZA
  • VACCINE EFFECTIVENESS
  • PANDEMIC INFLUENZA
  • VIRUS-INFECTIONS
  • UNITED-STATES
  • ANTIBODIES
  • COMMUNITY
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • SURVEILLANCE
  • PERSISTENCE

Lineage-specific protection and immune imprinting shape the age distributions of influenza B cases

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Journal Title:

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS

Volume:

Volume 12, Number 1

Publisher:

, Pages 4313-4313

Type of Work:

Article | Final Publisher PDF

Abstract:

How a history of influenza virus infections contributes to protection is not fully understood, but such protection might explain the contrasting age distributions of cases of the two lineages of influenza B, B/Victoria and B/Yamagata. Fitting a statistical model to those distributions using surveillance data from New Zealand, we found they could be explained by historical changes in lineage frequencies combined with cross-protection between strains of the same lineage. We found additional protection against B/Yamagata in people for whom it was their first influenza B infection, similar to the immune imprinting observed in influenza A. While the data were not informative about B/Victoria imprinting, B/Yamagata imprinting could explain the fewer B/Yamagata than B/Victoria cases in cohorts born in the 1990s and the bimodal age distribution of B/Yamagata cases. Longitudinal studies can test if these forms of protection inferred from historical data extend to more recent strains and other populations.

Copyright information:

© The Author(s) 2021

This is an Open Access work distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/rdf).
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