About this item:

72 Views | 49 Downloads

Author Notes:

Angelo Maria Patti, Email: angelomaria.patti@unipa.it

Conceptualization, M.R., A.P.S. and A.A.R.; methodology, R.V.G., M.C., A.M.P.; validation, M.B., K.A.-R.; formal analysis, R.V.G., M.C., A.M.P.; data curation, R.V.G., A.M.P.; writing—original draft preparation, M.R., R.V.G., A.P.S. and A.A.R.; writing—review and editing, A.M.P., M.B., M.C., K.A.-R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

The authors declare that this article has been written independently, in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Anca Pantea Stoian is currently Vice President of Romanian National Diabetes Committee, and she has given lectures, received honoraria and research support, and participated in conferences, advisory boards and clinical trials sponsored by many pharmaceutical companies including AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Medtronic, Eli Lilly, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Roche Diagnostics, and Sanofi. Maciej Banach is in the speakers bureau for Amgen, Daichii Sankyo, Esperion, Herbapol, KRKA, MSD, Mylan, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi–Aventis, Servier; consultant to Abbott Vascular, Akcea, Amgen, Daichii Sankyo, Esperion, Lilly, MSD, Resverlogix, Sanofi-Aventis; received grants from Amgen, Mylan, Sanofi, and Valeant. Manfredi Rizzo is full-time Professor of Internal Medicine at University of Palermo, Italy, and currently Medical Director, Novo Nordisk Eastern Europe; he has given lectures, received honoraria and research support, and participated in conferences, advisory boards, and clinical trials sponsored by many pharmaceutical companies including Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Kowa, Eli Lilly, Meda, Mylan, Merck Sharp and Dohme, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, and Servier. None of the above had any role in this article, which was written independently, without any financial or professional help, and reflects only the opinion of the authors, without any role of the industry.

Subject:

Research Funding:

This research received no external funding.

Keywords:

  • Science & Technology
  • Life Sciences & Biomedicine
  • Physical Sciences
  • Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
  • Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
  • Chemistry
  • atherosclerosis
  • inflammations
  • oxidative stress
  • innovative therapies
  • nutraceuticals
  • molecular signaling
  • management
  • DEPENDENT INSULINOTROPIC POLYPEPTIDE
  • PLASMA LIPOPROTEIN(A) CONCENTRATIONS
  • GASTRIC-INHIBITORY POLYPEPTIDE
  • SMOOTH-MUSCLE-CELLS
  • METABOLIC SYNDROME
  • LIPID-METABOLISM
  • ATHEROGENIC DYSLIPIDEMIA
  • ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION
  • CEREBROVASCULAR EVENTS
  • GENE-EXPRESSION

Novel Therapeutical Approaches to Managing Atherosclerotic Risk

Tools:

Journal Title:

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

Volume:

Volume 22, Number 9

Publisher:

Type of Work:

Article | Final Publisher PDF

Abstract:

Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial vascular disease that leads to inflammation and stiff-ening of the arteries and decreases their elasticity due to the accumulation of calcium, small dense Low Density Lipoproteins (sdLDL), inflammatory cells, and fibrotic material. A review of studies pertaining to cardiometabolic risk factors, lipids alterations, hypolipidemic agents, nutraceuticals, hypoglycaemic drugs, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation was performed. There are several therapeutic strategies including Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, inclisiran, bempedoic acid, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), and nutraceuticals that promise improvement in the atheromatous plaque from a molecular point of view, because have actions on the exposure of the LDL-Receptor (LDL-R), on endothelial dysfunction, activation of macrophages, on lipid oxidation, formations on foam cells, and deposition extracellular lipids. Atheroma plaque reduction both as a result of LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C) intensive lowering and reducing inflammation and other residual risk factors is an integral part of the management of atherosclerotic disease, and the use of valid therapeutic alternatives appear to be appealing avenues to solving the problem.

Copyright information:

© 2021 by the authors.

This is an Open Access work distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/rdf).
Export to EndNote