Vaginal Microbiome Composition in Early Pregnancy and Risk of Spontaneous Preterm and Early Term Birth Among African American Women

• Authors: Anne Dunlop, Emory University; Glen Satten, Emory University; Yijuan Hu, Emory University; Anna Knight, Emory University; Cherie Hill, Emory University; Michelle L Wright, University of Texas Austin; Alicia Smith, Emory University; Timothy Read, Emory University; Bradley Pearce, Emory University; Elizabeth Corwin, Emory University
• Journal Title: FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY
• Volume: Volume 11
• Publisher: FRONTIERS MEDIA SA | 2021-04-29, Pages 641005-641005
• Type of Work: Article | Final Publisher PDF
• Publisher DOI: http://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.641005
• Subjects: Health Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology; Biology, Biostatistics; Health Sciences, Epidemiology; Health Sciences, Nursing
• Keywords: Science & Technology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine; Immunology; Microbiology; microbiome; microbiota; pregnancy; preterm birth; early term birth; gestational age at birth; BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS; TIMELINE FOLLOWBACK; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; DIVERSITY; DELIVERY; RELIABILITY

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the association between the early pregnancy vaginal microbiome and spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) and early term birth (sETB) among African American women. Methods: Vaginal samples collected in early pregnancy (8-14 weeks’ gestation) from 436 women enrolled in the Emory University African American Vaginal, Oral, and Gut Microbiome in Pregnancy Study underwent 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the V3-V4 region, taxonomic classification, and community state type (CST) assignment. We compared vaginal CST and abundance of taxa for women whose pregnancy ended in sPTB (N = 44) or sETB (N= 84) to those who delivered full term (N = 231). Results: Nearly half of the women had a vaginal microbiome classified as CST IV (Diverse CST), while one-third had CST III (L. iners dominated) and just 16% had CST I, II, or V (non-iners Lactobacillus dominated). Compared to vaginal CST I, II, or V (non-iners Lactobacillus dominated), both CST III (L. iners dominated) and CST IV (Diverse) were associated with sPTB with an adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 4.1 (1.1, infinity) and 7.7 (2.2, infinity), respectively, in multivariate logistic regression. In contrast, no vaginal CST was associated with sETB. The linear decomposition model (LDM) based on amplicon sequence variant (ASV) relative abundance found a significant overall effect of the vaginal microbiome on sPTB (p=0.034) but not sETB (p=0.320), whereas the LDM based on presence/absence of ASV found no overall effect on sPTB (p=0.328) but a significant effect on sETB (p=0.030). In testing for ASV-specific effects, the LDM found that no ASV was significantly associated with sPTB considering either relative abundance or presence/absence data after controlling for multiple comparisons (FDR 10%), although in marginal analysis the relative abundance of Gardnerella vaginalis (p=0.011), non-iners Lactobacillus (p=0.016), and Mobiluncus curtisii (p=0.035) and the presence of Atopobium vaginae (p=0.049), BVAB2 (p=0.024), Dialister microaerophilis (p=0.011), and Prevotella amnii (p=0.044) were associated with sPTB. The LDM identified the higher abundance of 7 ASVs and the presence of 13 ASVs, all commonly residents of the gut, as associated with sETB at FDR < 10%. Conclusions: In this cohort of African American women, an early pregnancy vaginal CST III or IV was associated with an increased risk of sPTB but not sETB. The relative abundance and presence of distinct taxa within the early pregnancy vaginal microbiome was associated with either sPTB or sETB.