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Robert A. Seder, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Email: rseder@mail.nih.gov
Daniel C. Douek, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Email: ddouek@mail.nih.gov
M.R., N.J.S., D.C.D., and R.A.S. designed experiments. M.G., J.I.M., K.E.F., S.F.A., B.J.F., A.P.W., D.A.W., B.C.L., C.M., N.J.-B., R.C., S.L.F., M.P., M.E., V.-V.E., N.V.M., M.M., L.M., C.C.H., B.M.N., K.W.B., C.N.M.D., J.C., D.R.F., J.-P.M.T., E.M., L.P., A.V.R., B.N., D.V., A. Cook, A.D., K.S., S.T.N., S.G., A.R.H., F.L., J.R.-T., C.G.L., S.A., M.G.L., H.A., K.S.C., M.C.N., A.B.M., M.S.S., I.N.M., M.R., N.J.S., D.C.D., and R.A.S. performed, analyzed, and/or supervised experiments. M.G., J.I.M., K.E.F., S.F.A., D.A.W., I.N.M., and D.C.D. designed figures. I.-T.T., J.T., M.N., M.B., J.W., L.W., W.S., N.A.D.-R., Y.Z., E.S.Y., K.L., S.O., S.D.S., A.S.O., C.L., D.R.H., G.-Y.C., G.S.-J., I.R., Y.-T.L., A.M., K.W., J.R.M., A. Carfi, P.D.K., and D.K.E. provided critical reagents. M.G., J.I.M., D.C.D., and R.A.S. wrote manuscript. All authors edited the manuscript and provided feedback on research.
We would like to thank G. Alvarado for experimental organization and administrative support. Ethan Tyler designed the graphical abstract. The VRC Production Program (VPP) provided the WA1 protein for the avidity assay. VPP contributors include C. Anderson, V. Bhagat, J. Burd, J. Cai, K. Carlton, W. Chuenchor, N. Clbelli, G. Dobrescu, M. Figur, J. Gall, H. Geng, D. Gowetski, K. Gulla, L. Hogan, V. Ivleva, S. Khayat, P. Lei, Y. Li, I. Loukinov, M. Mai, S. Nugent, M. Pratt, E. Reilly, E. Rosales-Zavala, E. Scheideman, A. Shaddeau, A. Thomas, S. Upadhyay, K. Vickery, A. Vinitsky, C. Wang, C. Webber, and Y. Yang.
K.S.C. is an inventor on U.S. Patent no. 10,960,070 B2 and International Patent Application no. WO/2018/081318 entitled “Prefusion Coronavirus Spike Proteins and Their Use.” K.S.C. is an inventor on U.S. Patent Application no. 62/972,886 entitled “2019-nCoV Vaccine.” A.R.H., L.W., W.S., Y.Z., E.S.Y., J.R.M., P.D.K., M.R., N.J.S., and D.C.D. are inventors on U.S. Patent Application no. 63/147,419 entitled “Antibodies Targeting the Spike Protein of Coronaviruses.” L.P., A.V.R., B.N., D.V., A. Cook, A.D., K.S., H.A., and M.G.L. are employees of Bioqual. K.S.C., L.W., W.S., and Y.Z. are inventors on multiple U.S. Patent Applications entitled “Anti-Coronavirus Antibodies and Methods of Use.” G.-Y.C., G.S.-J., I.R., Y.-T.L., A.M., K.W., A. Carfi, and D.K.E. are employees of Moderna. M.S.S. serves on the scientific board of advisors for Moderna and Ocugen. The other authors declare no competing interests.
This project has been funded in part by both the Intramural Program of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services and under HHSN272201400004C (NIAID Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, CEIRS) and NIH P51 OD011132 awarded to Emory University. This work was also supported in part by the Emory Executive Vice President for Health Affairs Synergy Fund award, COVID-Catalyst-I3 Funds from the Woodruff Health Sciences Center and Emory School of Medicine, the Pediatric Research Alliance Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, and Woodruff Health Sciences Center 2020 COVID-19 CURE Award.