A New Screening Index to Better Target Low-Level Lead Exposure in Atlanta, Georgia

• Authors: Samantha Distler, Emory University; Eri Saikawa, Emory University
• Journal Title: Scientific Reports
• Volume: Volume 1-
• Publisher: Nature Publishing Group | 2020-09-01
• Type of Work: Article | Final Publisher PDF
• Subjects: Biology, Neuroscience; Health Sciences, Public Health
• Keywords: lead poisoning; acute case; neurological deficits; children; risk factors; lead exposure; race; ethnicity; poverty; Medicaid enrollment; housing; age; screening; high risk; Atlanta

Abstract

Lead poisoning is often seen as a problem of the past. While acute cases are now rare, there is no known safe level of lead for children and blood lead levels at and below 5 μg/dL are associated with neurological deficits. Previous work has established that risk factors for lead exposure include race/ethnicity, poverty, Medicaid enrollment, housing built before 1950, and age. Efficient blood lead screening is crucial in the greater Atlanta area as pockets of poverty and old housing put some children at particularly high risk for chronic exposure to low levels of lead. Here, 20 years of data on children’s blood lead levels in Georgia were used to create maps to assess the spatial distribution of blood lead screening and blood lead levels in the Atlanta area. ZIP code tabulation area (ZCTA)-level screening rates continue to be associated with relative poverty but not with housing age, a well-established risk factor for lead exposure. Building on previous research, a priority screening index based on poverty and housing age was also created to identify specific high-risk census tracts for screening within Atlanta ZCTAs. This index shows a total of 18 highest-priority census tracts in the greater Atlanta area. Together, these 18 tracts contain 2715 children under six years old, 1.7% of all children under six years old in the entire greater Atlanta area.