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Author Notes:

To whom correspondence should be addressed: Edward W. Yu ewyu@iastate.edu

Subjects:

Keywords:

  • Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins
  • Biological Transport
  • Campylobacter jejuni
  • Crystallography, X-Ray
  • Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
  • Escherichia coli
  • Escherichia coli Proteins
  • Gram-Negative Bacteria
  • Humans
  • Lipoproteins
  • Membrane Transport Proteins
  • Models, Molecular
  • Molecular Conformation
  • Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  • Protein Structure, Tertiary

Efflux pumps of the Resistance-nodulation-division family: A perspective of their structure, function, and regulation in gram-negative bacteria

Tools:

Journal Title:

Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology

Volume:

Volume 77

Publisher:

, Pages 109-146

Type of Work:

Article | Post-print: After Peer Review

Abstract:

With the initial discovery of penicillin and the ensuing mass production of antibiotics in the 1940s, infectious bacteria quickly adapted and developed resistance to the deleterious molecules. In fact, a report published in 1947 found that of 100 staphylococcus infections tested, 38 were classified as highly resistant to penicillin (1). The initial resistance was primarily associated with individual enzymes inactivating specific antibiotics, such as β-lactamases on penicillin. As novel antibiotics were implemented to combat resistant pathogens, selective pressure led to fundamentally new methods of drug resistance. Currently, there are roughly three major mechanisms utilized by bacteria to evade the toxic effects of biocidal agents. These mechanisms include enzymes that modify the drug, alteration of the antibacterial target, and reduced drug uptake due to the presence of efflux pumps or a decrease in porin expression.

Copyright information:

© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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