Previous experimental results and simulation studies show that similar spontaneous electrical activity can arise from different cellular and synaptic properties, both at the level of single neurons and at the level of neuronal circuits [1,2]. Neuronal circuits thus appear to have large "solution spaces" at their disposal, rather than having to fine-tune their cellular and synaptic parameters to specific values in order to function properly. On the other hand, neuromodulators often have reliable and reproducible effects on the same circuit in different animals [3]. If different animals generate the same circuit output on the basis of different circuit properties, how can they react in the same way to application of a neuromodulator?
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