Purpose: Women at familial/genetic ovarian cancer risk often undergo screening despite unproven efficacy. Research suggests each woman has her own CA125 baseline; significant increases above this level may identify cancers earlier than standard 6- to 12-monthly CA125 > 35 U/mL. Experimental Design: Data from prospective Cancer Genetics Network and Gynecologic Oncology Group trials, which screened 3,692 women (13,080 woman-screening years) with a strong breast/ovarian cancer family history or BRCA1/2 mutations, were combined to assess a novel screening strategy. Specifically, serum CA125 q3 months, evaluated using a risk of ovarian cancer algorithm (ROCA), detected significant increases above each subject's baseline, which triggered transvaginal ultrasound. Specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) were compared with levels derived from general population screening (specificity 90%, PPV 10%), and stage-at-detection was compared with historical high-risk controls. Results: Specificity for ultrasound referral was 92% versus 90% (P = 0.0001), and PPV was 4.6% versus 10% (P > 0.10). Eighteen of 19 malignant ovarian neoplasms [prevalent ¼ 4, incident = 6, risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) = 9] were detected via screening or RRSO. Among incident cases (which best reflect long-term screening performance), three of six invasive cancers were early-stage (I/II; 50% vs. 10% historical BRCA1 controls; P = 0.016). Six of nine RRSO-related cases were stage I. ROCA flagged three of six (50%) incident cases before CA125 exceeded 35 U/mL. Eight of nine patients with stages 0/I/II ovarian cancer were alive at last follow-up (median 6 years). Conclusions: For screened women at familial/genetic ovarian cancer risk, ROCA q3 months had better early-stage sensitivity at high specificity, and low yet possibly acceptable PPV compared with CA125 > 35 U/mL q6/q12 months, warranting further larger cohort evaluation.

Purpose of Investigation: Because of rarity, consensus on adjuvant therapies for Type II endometrial cancers (EC) remains undefined. Reporting their institutional outcomes, the present authors assessed the impact of adjuvant therapies on recurrence and overall survival in women with 2009 FIGO Stage I-III Type II EC. Material and Methods: The authors identified 108 women, treated with definitive surgery between 2000-2013, with pathologically-confirmed Type II EC (non-endometrioid [NEM, n=80] and high grade endometrioid [G3EEC, n=28]) Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the effect of prognostic variables on disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess survival. Results: Of the 108 women, 83 (77%) were African American (AA). Fifty-nine (55%), 12 (11%), and 37 (34%) were Stage I, II, and III, respectively. Ninety-seven patients received adjuvant therapy: 52 (radiation only), four (chemotherapy only), and 40 (combined). During follow-up (median 41 months), 44 patients (41%) recurred. Five-year DFS was 53% overall (48% [NEM], 80% [G3EEC]). Five-year OS was 75% overall (68% [NEM], 95% [G3EEC]). On multivariate analysis, lower stage and adjuvant radiation improved DFS. Higher stage, NEM, and increasing age were poor prognostic indicators of OS. Conclusion: Representing a large single institutional cohort for Type II EC, the present study's observed survival rates are consistent with previous studies, despite the relatively high frequency of carcinosarcoma and Stage III/nodal disease. The protective effect on recurrence was not lost when radiation was delayed for chemotherapy. The present results support a multimodal adjuvant approach for treating all stages of invasive NEM EC.

IMPORTANCE Unsolicited patient observations are associated with risk of medical malpractice claims. Because lawsuits may be triggered by an unexpected adverse outcome superimposed on a strained patient-physician relationship, a question remains as to whether behaviors that generate patient dissatisfaction might also contribute to the genesis of adverse outcomes themselves. OBJECTIVE To examine whether patients of surgeons with a history of higher numbers of unsolicited patient observations are at greater risk for postoperative complications than patients whose surgeons generate fewer such unsolicited patient observations. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This retrospective cohort study used data from 7 academic medical centers participating in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program and the Vanderbilt Patient Advocacy Reporting System from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2013. Patients older than 18 years included in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program who underwent inpatient or outpatient operations at 1 of the participating sites during the study period were included. Patients were excluded if the attending surgeon had less than 24 months of data in the Vanderbilt Patient Advocacy Reporting System preceding the date of the operation. Data analysis was conducted from June 1, 2015, to October 20, 2016. EXPOSURES Unsolicited patient observations for the patient's surgeon in the 24 months preceding the date of the operation. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Postoperative surgical or medical complications as defined by the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program within 30 days of the operation of interest. RESULTS Among the 32 125 patients in the cohort (13 230 men, 18 895 women; mean [SD] age, 55.8 [15.8] years), 3501 (10.9%) experienced a complication, including 1754 (5.5%) surgical and 2422 (7.5%) medical complications. Prior unsolicited patient observations for a surgeon were significantly associated with the risk of a patient having any complication (odds ratio, 1.0063; 95%CI, 1.0004-1.0123; P = .03), any surgical complication (odds ratio, 1.0104; 95%CI, 1.0022-1.0186; P = .01), any medical complication (odds ratio, 1.0079; 95%CI, 1.0009-1.0148; P = .03), and being readmitted (odds ratio, 1.0088, 95%CI, 1.0024-1.0151; P = .007). The adjusted rate of complications was 13.9% higher for patients whose surgeon was in the highest quartile of unsolicited patient observations compared with patients whose surgeon was in the lowest quartile. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Patients whose surgeons have large numbers of unsolicited patient observations in the 24 months prior to the patient's operation are at increased risk of surgical and medical complications. Efforts to promote patient safety and address risk of malpractice claims should continue to focus on surgeons' ability to communicate respectfully and effectively with patients and other medical professionals.

Background: Recommendations for high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) testing as an adjunct to cytology for cervical cancer screening differ by age group, because HR-HPV tests lack adequate specificity in women aged <30. Here, we assess age-group differences in HPV types and other risk factors for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 3 or worse (CIN3+) versus CIN0-2 in women from four colposcopy clinics. Methods: Women ages 18 to 69 (n = 1,658) were enrolled and completed structured interviews to elicit data on behavioral risk factors prior to their examinations. HPV genotyping was done on exfoliated cervical cell samples. We estimated relative risks (RR) for HPV types and cofactors for CIN3+, overall and stratified by age group. Results: After 2 years of follow-up, we identified 178 CIN3+, 1,305 CIN0-2, and 175 indeterminate outcomes. Nonvaccine HR-HPV types were only associated with CIN3+ among women ≥30 (RR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.5-3.4; <30: RR=0.9). Among all HR-HPV-positive women, adjusting for age, significant cofactors for CIN3+ included current smoking (RR = 1.5), former smoking (RR = 1.8), regular Pap screening (RR = 0.7), current regular condom use (RR = 0.5), and parity ≥5 (RR = 1.6, P trend for increasing parity = 0.07). However, the parity association differed by age group (≥30: RR = 1.8, P trend = 0.008; <30: RR = 0.9; P trend = .55). Conclusion: Subgroup variation by age in the risk of CIN3+ points to the importance of the timing of exposures in relation to CIN3+ detection. Impact: Future screening strategies need to consider natural history and secular trends in cofactor prevalence in the pursuit of appropriately sensitive and specific screening tools applied to appropriate age groups.

BACKGROUND: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a common gynecologic disorder. One known complication of PID is tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) formation. The predominant theory on TOA formation postulates that an ascending infection from the cervix through the uterus to the fallopian tubes and ovaries results in abscess formation. Other theories include seeding via a hematogenous infection, diverticular disease, and appendicitis. CASE: A 39-year-old female patient with abdominal pain was referred to our institution and was found to have a pelvic mass. After a thorough evaluation, surgical exploration revealed the presence of TOA. No evidence of gastrointestinal disease was present. The patient's history was significant for an uncomplicated total abdominal hysterectomy for benign disease of the uterus four years prior. Abscess cultures grew Streptococcus intermedius. CONCLUSION: This case reports the rare occurrence of TOA in a patient who had undergone an abdominal hysterectomy four years prior to presentation. If the patient reports a surgical history of prior hysterectomy, TOA is often stricken from consideration. Although unlikely, adnexal abscess formation should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient with abdominal pain and a pelvic mass, even with a remote history of hysterectomy.

Background: Candidal retinitis is a rare but potentially devastating infection in the postoperative patient. Due to the possibility of blindness if the diagnosis and treatment are delayed, we present this report to help educate gynecologic surgeons. Case: A postmenopausal patient presented for the treatment of ovarian carcinoma. Her surgical therapy required radical tumor debulking with partial bowel resection. The patient was begun on intravenous (IV) hyperalimentation through a central venous catheter. On the 7th postoperative day, a cephalosporin antibiotic was administered. Because of persistent fever, a septic workup was instituted and revealed an infected central venous catheter that was culture positive for Candida albicans. The patient complained of visual disturbances and an ophthalmological examination revealed candidal retinitis. Amphotericin B and fluconazole were administered with resolution of her fever and visual changes. Conclusion: The risk factors of malignancy, abdominopelvic surgery, antibiotic therapy, and IV catheters are discussed. In view of the common association of these iatrogenic factors in gynecologic and obstetrical practice, we present this case to help make physicians aware of this potentially devastating infection.