The effect of mask use on the spread of influenza during a pandemic

• Type of Material: Article
• Authors: Nicole C. J. Brienen, National Institutes of Health; Aura Timen, National Institutes of Health; Jacco Wallinga, National Institutes of Health; Jim E. Van Steenbergen, National Institutes of Health; Peter Teunis, Emory University
• Language: English
• Date: 2010-08-01
• Publisher: Wiley
• Publication Version: Final Published Version
• Copyright Statement: © 2010 Society for Risk Analysis.
• Final Published Version (URL): http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01428.x
• Title of Journal or Parent Work: Risk Analysis
• Volume: 30
• Issue: 8
• Start Page: 1210
• End Page: 1218
• Keywords: Risk Reduction Behavior; Risk Management; Masks; Humans; Pandemics; Influenza, Human; Models, Biological
• Research Categories: Sociology, Public and Social Welfare; Health Sciences, Public Health; Health Sciences, Health Care Management

Abstract

Face masks have traditionally been used in general infection control, but their efficacy at the population level in preventing transmission of influenza viruses has not been studied in detail. Data from published clinical studies indicate that the infectivity of influenza A virus is probably very high, so that transmission of infection may involve low doses of virus. At low doses, the relation between dose and the probability of infection is approximately linear, so that the reduction in infection risk is proportional to the reduction in exposure due to particle retention of the mask. A population transmission model was set up to explore the impact of population-wide mask use, allowing estimation of the effects of mask efficacy and coverage (fraction of the population wearing masks) on the basic reproduction number and the infection attack rate. We conclude that population-wide use of face masks could make an important contribution in delaying an influenza pandemic. Mask use also reduces the reproduction number, possibly even to levels sufficient for containing an influenza outbreak.