Reddit discussions about buprenorphine associated precipitated withdrawal in the era of fentanyl

• Type of Material: Article
• Authors: Anthony Spadaro, University of Pennsylvania; Abeed Sarker, Emory University; Whitney Bremer, Emory University; Jennifer S. Love, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Nicole O'Donnell, University of Pennsylvania; Lewis S. Nelson, Rutgers University; Jeanmarie Perrone, University of Pennsylvania
• Language: English
• Date: 2022-02-04
• Publisher: Taylor & Francis
• Publication Version: Author Accepted Manuscript (After Peer Review)
• Copyright Statement: © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
• License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International
• Final Published Version (URL): https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2022.2032730
• Title of Journal or Parent Work: Clinical Toxicology
• Volume: 60
• Issue: 6
• Start Page: 694
• End Page: 701
• Grant/Funding Information: Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) of the NIH under award number R01DA046619. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.
• Keywords: buprenorphine; microdosing; precipitated opioid withdrawal; qualitative research; opioid use disorder; Social media; bernese method; fentanyl
• Research Categories: Sociology, Public and Social Welfare; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical

Abstract

Background: Induction of buprenorphine, an evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), has been reported to be difficult for people with heavy use of fentanyl, the most prevalent opioid in many areas of the country. In this population, precipitated opioid withdrawal (POW) may occur even after individuals have completed a period of opioid abstinence prior to induction. Our objective was to study potential associations between fentanyl, buprenorphine induction, and POW, using social media data. Methods: This is a mixed methods study of data from seven opioid-related forums (subreddits) on Reddit. We retrieved publicly available data from the subreddits via an application programming interface, and applied natural language processing to identify subsets of posts relevant to buprenorphine induction, POW, and fentanyl and analogs (F&A). We computed mention frequencies for keywords/phrases of interest specified by our medical toxicology experts. We further conducted manual, qualitative, and thematic analyses of automatically identified posts to characterize the information presented. Results: In 267,136 retrieved posts, substantial increases in mentions of F&A (3 in 2013 to 3870 in 2020) and POW (2 in 2012 to 332 in 2020) were observed. F&A mentions from 2013 to 2021 were strongly correlated with mentions of POW (Spearman’s ρ: 0.882; p = .0016), and mentions of the Bernese method (BM), a microdosing induction strategy (Spearman’s ρ: 0.917; p = .0005). Manual review of 384 POW- and 106 BM-mentioning posts revealed that common discussion themes included “specific triggers of POW” (55.1%), “buprenorphine dosing strategies” (38.2%) and “experiences of OUD” (36.1%). Many reported experiencing POW despite prolonged opioid abstinence periods, and recommended induction via microdosing, including specifically via the BM. Conclusions: Reddit subscribers often associate POW with F&A use and describe self-managed buprenorphine induction strategies involving microdosing to avoid POW. Further objective studies in patients with fentanyl use and OUD initiating buprenorphine are needed to corroborate these findings.