Histopathological findings and clinicopathologic correlation in COVID-19: a systematic review

• Type of Material: Article
• Authors: Stefania Caramaschi, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Meghan E Kapp, Vanderbilt University; Sara E Miller, Duke University; Rosana Eisenberg, Vanderbilt University; Joyce Johnson, Vanderbilt University; Garretson Epperly, Hunt Opt & Imaging Inc; Antonino Maiorana, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Guido Silvestri, Emory University; Giovanna A Giannico, Vanderbilt University
• Language: English
• Date: 2021-05-24
• Publisher: SPRINGERNATURE
• Publication Version: Final Published Version
• Copyright Statement: © 2021 United States & Canadian Academy of Pathology.
• Final Published Version (URL): http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41379-021-00814-w
• Title of Journal or Parent Work: MODERN PATHOLOGY
• Volume: 34
• Issue: 9
• Start Page: 1614
• End Page: 1633
• Keywords: SARS; CORONAVIRUS; ACE2; PATHOLOGY; MANIFESTATIONS; Pathology; LUNG; SARS-COV-2; Science & Technology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine; INFECTION
• Research Categories: Biology, Microbiology; Health Sciences, Immunology; Health Sciences, Pathology; Health Sciences, Medicine and Surgery

Abstract

The severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has had devastating effects on global health and worldwide economy. Despite an initial reluctance to perform autopsies due to concerns for aerosolization of viral particles, a large number of autopsy studies published since May 2020 have shed light on the pathophysiology of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This review summarizes the histopathologic findings and clinicopathologic correlations from autopsies and biopsies performed in patients with COVID-19. PubMed and Medline (EBSCO and Ovid) were queried from June 4, 2020 to September 30, 2020 and histopathologic data from autopsy and biopsy studies were collected based on 2009 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 58 studies reporting 662 patients were included. Demographic data, comorbidities at presentation, histopathologic findings, and virus detection strategies by organ system were collected. Diffuse alveolar damage, thromboembolism, and nonspecific shock injury in multiple organs were the main findings in this review. The pathologic findings emerging from autopsy and biopsy studies reviewed herein suggest that in addition to a direct viral effect in some organs, a unifying pathogenic mechanism for COVID-19 is ARDS with its known and characteristic inflammatory response, cytokine release, fever, inflammation, and generalized endothelial disturbance. This study supports the notion that autopsy studies are of utmost importance to our understanding of disease features and treatment effect to increase our knowledge of COVID-19 pathophysiology and contribute to more effective treatment strategies.