Global Emissions of Hydrogen Chloride and Particulate Chloride from Continental Sources

• Type of Material: Article
• Authors: Bingqing Zhang, Georgia Institute of Technology; Huizhong Shen, Southern University of Science and Technology; Xiao Yun, Peking University; Qirui Zhong, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Barron H. Henderson, United States Environmental Protection Agency; Xuan Wang, City University of Hong Kong; Liuhua Shi, Emory University; Sachin S. Gunthe, Indian Institute of Technology Madras; Lewis Gregory Huey, Georgia Institute of Technology; Shu Tao, Southern University of Science and Technology; Armistead G. Russell, Georgia Institute of Technology; Pengfei Liu, Georgia Institute of Technology
• Language: English
• Date: 2022-03-23
• Publisher: American Chemical Society
• Publication Version: Final Published Version
• Copyright Statement: © 2022 American Chemical Society
• Final Published Version (URL): https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c05634
• Title of Journal or Parent Work: Environmental Science and Technology
• Volume: 56
• Issue: 7
• Start Page: 3894
• End Page: 3904
• Grant/Funding Information: This study is supported by P. L.’s start-up funding from Georgia Institute of Technology. The development of PKU-FUEL is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 41991312, 41830641, 41922057, and 41821005), Chinese Academy of Science (XDA23010100), Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (2019QZKK0605), and Center for Computational Science and Engineering at Southern University of Science and Technology. Part of this work is funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA grant number R835880), and the National Science Foundation (NSF SRN grant number 1444745).
• Keywords: chloride; air pollution; atmospheric aerosols; emission inventory; tropospheric chemistry
• Research Categories: Health Sciences, Public Health; Environmental Sciences

Abstract

Gaseous and particulate chlorine species play an important role in modulating tropospheric oxidation capacity, aerosol water uptake, visibility degradation, and human health. The lack of recent global continental chlorine emissions has hindered modeling studies of the role of chlorine in the atmosphere. Here we develop a comprehensive global emission inventory of gaseous HCl and particulate Cl− (pCl), including 35 sources categorized in 6 source sectors based on published up-to-date activity data and emission factors. These emissions are gridded at 0.1° × 0.1° spatial resolution for the years 1960 to 2014. The estimated emissions of HCl and pCl in 2014 are 2354 (1661 – 3201) and 2321 (930 – 3264) Gg Cl a−1, respectively. Emissions of HCl are mostly from open waste burning (38%), open biomass burning (19%), energy (19%) and residential (13%) sectors, and the major sources classified by fuel type are combustion of waste (43%), biomass (32%), and coal (25%). Emissions of pCl are mostly from biofuel (29%) and open biomass burning processes (44%). The sectoral and spatial distributions of HCl and pCl emissions are very heterogeneous along the study period, and the temporal trends are mainly driven by the changes in emission factors, energy intensity, economy, and population.