Signal amplification in the KEAP1-NRF2-ARE antioxidant response pathway

• Type of Material: Article
• Authors: Shengnan Liu, China Medical University; Jingbo Pi, China Medical University; Qiang Zhang, Emory University
• Language: English
• Date: 2022-07-02
• Publisher: ELSEVIER
• Publication Version: Final Published Version
• Copyright Statement: © 2022 The Authors
• License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International
• Final Published Version (URL): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2022.102389
• Title of Journal or Parent Work: REDOX BIOLOGY
• Volume: 54
• Start Page: 102389
• End Page: 102389
• Grant/Funding Information: This research was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China: 81830099(J.P.), 82020108027(J.P.) and 81602824 (S.L.); Liaoning Key Research and Development Guidance Plan: 2019JH8/10300012(J.P.); Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province: 2021-MS-172 (S.L.); NIEHS Superfund Research grant P42ES04911, and NIEHS HERCULES grant P30ES019776.
• Keywords: TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NRF2; BINDING-SITES; SMALL MAF PROTEINS; Oxidative stress; TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL; Signal amplification; GENE-EXPRESSION; Life Sciences & Biomedicine; NRF2; STRESS-RESPONSE; KEAP1; CRM1-DEPENDENT NUCLEAR EXPORT; DLG MOTIFS; HEME OXYGENASE-1; Science & Technology; ARE; Ultrasensitivity; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; NRF2-KEAP1 PATHWAY
• Research Categories: Environmental Sciences; Health Sciences, Public Health

Abstract

The KEAP1-NRF2-ARE signaling pathway plays a central role in mediating the adaptive cellular stress response to oxidative and electrophilic chemicals. This canonical pathway has been extensively studied and reviewed in the past two decades, but rarely was it looked at from a quantitative signaling perspective. Signal amplification, i.e., ultrasensitivity, is crucially important for robust induction of antioxidant genes to appropriate levels that can adequately counteract the stresses. In this review article, we examined a number of well-known molecular events in the KEAP1-NRF2-ARE pathway from a quantitative perspective with a focus on how signal amplification can be achieved. We illustrated, by using a series of mathematical models, that redox-regulated protein sequestration, stabilization, translation, nuclear trafficking, DNA promoter binding, and transcriptional induction – which are embedded in the molecular network comprising KEAP1, NRF2, sMaf, p62, and BACH1 – may generate highly ultrasensitive NRF2 activation and antioxidant gene induction. The emergence and degree of ultrasensitivity depend on the strengths of protein-protein and protein-DNA interaction and protein abundances. A unique, quantitative understanding of signal amplification in the KEAP1-NRF2-ARE pathway will help to identify sensitive targets for the prevention and therapeutics of oxidative stress-related diseases and develop quantitative adverse outcome pathway models to facilitate the health risk assessment of oxidative chemicals.