Maternal depression and infant cortisol: Influences of timing, comorbidity and treatment

• Type of Material: Article
• Authors: Patricia Brennan, Emory University; Rebecca Pargas, Emory University; Elaine Walker, Emory University; Paula Green, Emory University; D. Jeffrey Newport, Emory University; Zachary Stowe, Emory University
• Language: English
• Date: 2008-10-01
• Publisher: Wiley: 12 months
• Publication Version: Author Accepted Manuscript (After Peer Review)
• Copyright Statement: © 2008 The Authors Journal compilation © 2008 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health
• Final Published Version (URL): http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01914.x
• Title of Journal or Parent Work: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
• ISSN: 0021-9630
• Volume: 49
• Issue: 10
• Start Page: 1099
• End Page: 1107
• Grant/Funding Information: This study was supported by a NARSAD Young Investigator Grant awarded to Brennan; the Emory University Silvio O. Conte Center for the Neurobiology of Mental Disease (MH58922); and a Specialized Center of Research (SCOR) on Sex and Gender Effects (MH68036).
• Keywords: Multivariate Analysis; Pregnancy Complications; Saliva; Time Factors; Humans; Pregnancy; Psychotropic Drugs; Child of Impaired Parents; Anxiety; Infant; Georgia; Mothers; Comorbidity; Female; Biomarkers; Depressive Disorder; Cross-Sectional Studies; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Hydrocortisone; Regression Analysis
• Research Categories: Health Sciences, Mental Health; Psychology, Developmental; Psychology, Physiological

Abstract

Background: The current study examines the relationship between maternal depression and infant cortisol concentrations. The potential roles of comorbid maternal anxiety disorders, timing of maternal depression, and maternal treatment with psychotropic medications during pregnancy are addressed. Methods: Women with 6-month-old infants (105 boys and 84 girls) participated in a laboratory paradigm that included infant saliva collection at six points, noise burst and arm restraint stressor tasks, and a diagnostic interview of the mother. Results: Lifetime history of maternal depression was associated with increased baseline and mean (average) infant cortisol levels. Comorbidity with anxiety disorder was related to infant cortisol reactivity. Peripartum (prepartum and/or postpartum) maternal depression, rather than a pre-pregnancy history of disorder, was associated with higher infant cortisol reactivity. Prenatal and postnatal exposure to maternal disorder had similar effects, but prenatal maternal psychotropic medication treatment appeared to attenuate infant cortisol increases associated with prenatal maternal disorder exposure. Conclusions: These data suggest that exposure to maternal depression and anxiety during pregnancy and the postpartum period may increase infant salivary cortisol. This maternal depression-infant cortisol association is independent of the effects of delivery complications, and appears to be modulated by prenatal maternal psychotropic treatment.