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T-Cell Exhaustion in Chronic Infections: Reversing the State of Exhaustion and Reinvigorating Optimal Protective Immune Responses

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Last modified
  • 05/15/2025
Type of Material
Authors
    Alireza Saeidi, Universiti MalayaKeivan Zandi, Emory UniversityYi Ying Cheok, Universiti MalayaHamidreza Saeidi, Universiti Putra MalaysiaWon Fen Wong, Universiti MalayaChalystha Yie Qin Lee, Universiti MalayaHeng Choon Cheong, Universiti MalayaYean Kong Yong, Universiti MalayaMarie Larsson, Linkoping UniversityEsaki Muthu Shankar, Central University of Tamil Nadu
Language
  • English
Date
  • 2018-11-09
Publisher
  • Frontiers Media
Publication Version
Copyright Statement
  • Copyright © 2018 Saeidi, Zandi, Cheok, Saeidi, Wong, Lee, Cheong, Yong, Larsson and Shankar.
License
Final Published Version (URL)
Title of Journal or Parent Work
ISSN
  • 1664-3224
Volume
  • 9
Issue
  • NOV
Start Page
  • 2569
End Page
  • 2569
Grant/Funding Information
  • The work has also been funded by the Universiti Malaya Research Grant No. RP021A-13HTM to AS.
Abstract
  • T-cell exhaustion is a phenomenon of dysfunction or physical elimination of antigen-specific T cells reported in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections as well as cancer. Exhaustion appears to be often restricted to CD8+ T cells responses in the literature, although CD4+ T cells have also been reported to be functionally exhausted in certain chronic infections. Although our understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with the transcriptional regulation of T-cell exhaustion is advancing, it is imperative to also explore the central mechanisms that control the altered expression patterns. Targeting metabolic dysfunctions with mitochondrion-targeted antioxidants are also expected to improve the antiviral functions of exhausted virus-specific CD8+ T cells. In addition, it is crucial to consider the contributions of mitochondrial biogenesis on T-cell exhaustion and how mitochondrial metabolism of T cells could be targeted whilst treating chronic viral infections. Here, we review the current understanding of cardinal features of T-cell exhaustion in chronic infections, and have attempted to focus on recent discoveries, potential strategies to reverse exhaustion and reinvigorate optimal protective immune responses in the host.
Author Notes
Keywords
Research Categories
  • Health Sciences, Immunology

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