SOCIAL DOMINANCE IN FEMALE MONKEYS: DOPAMINE RECEPTOR FUNCTION AND COCAINE REINFORCEMENT

• Type of Material: Article
• Authors: Michael A. Nader, Wake Forest University; Susan H. Nader, Wake Forest University; Paul W. Czoty, Wake Forest University; Natallia V. Riddick, Wake Forest University; H. Donald Gage, Wake Forest University; Robert W. Gould, Wake Forest University; Brandi L. Blaylock, Wake Forest University; Jay R. Kaplan, Wake Forest University; Pradeep K. Garg, Wake Forest University; Huw Davies, Emory University; Daniel Morton, Emory University; Sudha Garg, Wake Forest University; Beth A. Reboussin, Wake Forest University
• Language: English
• Date: 2012-09-01
• Publisher: Elsevier: 12 months
• Publication Version: Author Accepted Manuscript (After Peer Review)
• Copyright Statement: © 2012 Society of Biological Psychiatry.
• Final Published Version (URL): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.002
• Title of Journal or Parent Work: Biological Psychiatry
• ISSN: 0006-3223
• Volume: 72
• Issue: 5
• Start Page: 414
• End Page: 421
• Grant/Funding Information: This research was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse Grant DA 017763.
• Keywords: Psychiatry; Science & Technology; ABUSE; Life Sciences & Biomedicine; RATS; Neurosciences; POSITRON-EMISSION-TOMOGRAPHY; SEX-DIFFERENCES; TRANSPORTER; Neurosciences & Neurology; vulnerability; females; AGGRESSION; gender differences; PET imaging; RHESUS-MONKEYS; HOUSED MONKEYS; NUCLEUS-ACCUMBENS; CYNOMOLGUS MONKEYS; social rank; Dopamine
• Research Categories: Chemistry, General

Abstract

Background: Brain imaging and behavioral studies suggest an inverse relationship between dopamine (DA) D2/D3 receptors and vulnerability to cocaine abuse, although most research has used males. For example, male monkeys that become dominant in a social group have significant elevations in D2/D3 receptor availability and are less vulnerable to cocaine reinforcement. Methods: DA D2/D3 receptor availability was assessed in female cynomolgus monkeys (n = 16) with positron emission tomography (PET) while they were individually housed, 3 months after stable social hierarchies had formed, and again when individually housed. In addition, PET was used to examine changes in dopamine transporter (DAT) availability after social hierarchy formation. After imaging studies were complete, monkeys received implantation with indwelling intravenous catheters and self-administered cocaine (.001-.1 mg/kg/injection) under a fixed-ratio 30 schedule of reinforcement. Acquisition of cocaine reinforcement occurred when response rates were significantly higher than when saline was self-administered. Results: Neither DAT nor D2/D3 receptor availability in the caudate nucleus and putamen was predictive of social rank, but both significantly changed after formation of social hierarchies. DA D2/D3 receptor availability significantly increased in females that became dominant, whereas DAT availability decreased in subordinate females. Dominant female monkeys acquired cocaine reinforcement at significantly lower doses than subordinate monkeys. Conclusions: The relationship between D2/D3 receptor availability and vulnerability to cocaine reinforcement seems, on the basis of these findings, opposite in females and males. These data indicate that the social environment profoundly affects the DA system but does so in ways that have different functional consequences for females than for males.