The Influence of Sex, Age, and Race on Coronary Artery Disease: A Narrative Review

• Type of Material: Article
• Authors: Célia C. Lima Dos Santos, Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen; Arshveer S. Matharoo, Avalon University; Emilio Pinzón Cueva, Anáhuac University; Uzma Amin, Rawalpindi Medical University; Aida A. Perez Ramos, Universidad Central de Venezuela; Navpreet K. Mann, Government Medical College, Patiala; Sara Maheen, Odessa National Medical University; Jyothsna Butchireddy, Government Medical College, Chennai; Vaibhavkumar B. Falki, Corewell Health University; Abeeha Itrat, Lutheran General Hospital; Nithyalakshmi Rajkumar, Kilpauk Medical College; Muhammad Zia ul Haq, Emory University
• Language: English
• Date: 2023-10-27
• Publisher: Springer Nature
• Publication Version: Final Published Version
• Copyright Statement: © 2023, Lima Dos Santos et al.
• License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
• Final Published Version (URL): https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.47799
• Title of Journal or Parent Work: Cureus
• Volume: 15
• Issue: 10
• Start Page: e47799
• Keywords: ethnicity; sex; age; health disparities; race; artery disease
• Research Categories: Health Sciences, Medicine and Surgery; Health Sciences, Epidemiology

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease has remained one of the leading causes of mortality in the world. The basic pathophysiology of coronary artery disease (CAD) is a reduction of the blood flow in coronary vessels, leading to restricted blood flow to the heart muscle. Both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors contribute to its multifactorial etiology. The clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic to typical symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and left arm or jaw pain. The purpose of this review is to investigate and analyze the variation of CAD depending on the biological sex, age, race, or ethnicity and how it might differ in the studied population while comparing the symptoms and prognosis of CAD. For this research, PubMed’s database was used. A total of 926 articles were selected using pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria, with 74 articles eligible to be included in the narrative review. Studies were selected from the general population of patients with CAD, regardless of their severity, stage of diagnosis, and treatment plan. The scale for the assessment of non-systematic review articles (SANRA) was used to assess the quality of the study. As humans age, the incidence of CAD increases, and people over 75 are more likely to have multiple-vessel CAD. It has been observed that South Asians have the highest rate of CAD at 24%, while the White population has the lowest at 8%. The prevalence of CAD also depends on race, with the White population having the lowest rate at 3.2%, followed by Hispanics at 5%, Black women at 5.2%, and Black men at 5.7%. Younger Black women tend to have more chest pain. Men with CAD commonly experience chest pain, and women are more likely to present with atypical symptoms. Modifiable risk factors such as smoking and alcoholism are more commonly observed in young men than in young women. Coronary artery disease in the elderly, female, minority, and Black patients is associated with a higher mortality rate. Acknowledging the prevalence of certain risk factors, signs, results, and responses to treatment in certain socio-demographic groups, as well as the provision and accessibility of diagnosis and treatment, would lead to a better outcome for all individuals. The impact of this shift can range from an earlier diagnosis of CAD to a faster and more customized treatment plan tailored to each patient's individual requirements.