Erythropoietin production by the kidney and the liver in response to severe hypoxia evaluated by Western blotting with deglycosylation

• Type of Material: Article
• Authors: Yukiko Yasuoka, Kitasato University School of Medicine; Takashi Fukuyama, Kitasato University Medical Center; Yuichiro Izumi, Kumamoto University; Yushi Nakayama, Kumamoto University; Hideki Inoue, Kumamoto University; Kengo Yanagita, Kitasato University; Tomomi Oshima, Kitasato University School of Medicine; Taiga Yamazaki, Kitasato University Medical Center; Takayuki Uematsu, Kitasato University Medical Center; Noritada Kobayashi, Kitasato University Medical Center; Yoshitaka Shimada, Kitasato University Medical Center; Yasushi Nagaba, Kitasato University Medical Center; Masashi Mukoyama, Kumamoto University; Tetsuro Yamashita, Iwate University; Yuichi Sato, Kitasato University; Jeff Sands, Emory University; Katsumasa Kawahara, Kitasato University School of Medicine; Hiroshi Nonoguchi, Kitasato University Medical Center
• Language: English
• Date: 2020-06-01
• Publisher: The Physiological Society
• Publication Version: Final Published Version
• Copyright Statement: © 2020 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society.
• License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
• Final Published Version (URL): http://dx.doi.org/10.14814/phy2.14485
• Title of Journal or Parent Work: Physiological Reports
• Volume: 8
• Issue: 12
• Start Page: e14485
• End Page: e14485
• Grant/Funding Information: This study was supported by a Grant‐in Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Sciences and Technology of Japan (26461259(KK), 16K09654(HN), 16K19493(YI), 16K08505(YY), 17K16578(TF), 18K08247(YI), and 19K09226(TF)) and by the Science Research Promotion Fund from the Promotion and Mutual Aid Corporation for Private Schools of Japan (HN).
• Keywords: Anemia; Glycosylation; Humans; erythropoiesis-stimulating agents; Kidney; Liver; Blotting, Western; anemia; deglycosylation; Rats; erythropoietin; Hypoxia; Erythropoietin; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Disease Models, Animal; hypoxia; Animals; Male
• Research Categories: Biology, Molecular; Biology, Physiology; Engineering, Biomedical; Agriculture, Food Science and Technology; Chemistry, Biochemistry

Abstract

The detection of erythropoietin (Epo) protein by Western blotting has required pre-purification of the sample. We developed a new Western blot method to detect plasma and urinary Epo using deglycosylation. Epo in urine and tissue, and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in urine were directly detected by our Western blotting. Plasma Epo and ESAs were not detected by direct application but were detected by our Western blotting after deglycosylation. The broad bands of Epo and ESAs were shifted to 22 kDa by deglycosylation except for PEG-bound epoetin β pegol. The 22 kDa band from an anemic patient's urine was confirmed by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS) to contain human Epo. Severe hypoxia (7% O2, 4 hr) caused a 400-fold increase in deglycosylated Epo expression in rat kidneys, which is consistent with the increases in both Epo gene expression and plasma Epo concentration. Immunohistochemistry showed Epo expression in nephrons but not in interstitial cells under control conditions, and hypoxia increased Epo expression in interstitial cells but not in tubules. These data show that intrinsic Epo and all ESAs can be detected by Western blot either directly in urine or after deglycosylation in blood, and that the kidney but not the liver is the main site of Epo production in control and severe hypoxia. Our method will make the tests for Epo doping and detection easy.