Relationships between plasma apelin and adiponectin with normal weight obesity, body composition, and cardiorespiratory fitness in working adults

• Type of Material: Article
• Authors: Moriah P. Bellissimo, Virginia Commonwealth University; Emory Hsu, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center; Li Hao, Emory University; Kirk Easley, Emory University; Gregory Martin, Emory University; Thomas Ziegler, Emory University; Jessica Alvarez, Emory University
• Language: English
• Date: 2021-03-01
• Publisher: Elsevier
• Publication Version: Final Published Version
• Copyright Statement: © 2021 The Author(s)
• License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International
• Final Published Version (URL): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcte.2021.100257
• Title of Journal or Parent Work: Journal of Clinical and Translational Endocrinology
• Volume: 24
• Start Page: 100257
• End Page: 100257
• Grant/Funding Information: This work is based on information from the Emory/Georgia Tech Predictive Health Institute and Center for Health Discovery and Well Being database, supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the NIH under award UL1 TR002378 (Georgia Clinical and Translational Science Alliance). Additional support was received from T32 CA093423 (MPB), R01 FD-003440 (GSM), U54 AG062334 (Emory Specialized Center of Research Excellence on Sex Differences, JAA), K01 DK102851 (JAA), K24 DK096574 (TRZ).
• Keywords: Metabolic; Fitness; Cytokines; Adipose; Obesity phenotype; Fat distribution
• Research Categories: Health Sciences, Nutrition; Health Sciences, Public Health

Abstract

Background: A significant proportion of adults have normal weight obesity (NWO), defined as a normal body mass index (BMI) but disproportionately high body fat percentage. Individuals with NWO may have increased risk of cardiometabolic disorders and lower exercise tolerance, but it is unclear if this obesity phenotype is linked with dysregulated production of adipokines or myokines such as adiponectin and apelin, respectively. Methods: This cross-sectional, secondary analysis included 177 working adults (mean age 49.6 ± 9.9 yrs, 64% female). Plasma high-molecular weight adiponectin and apelin levels were measured by ELISA. Body composition and fat distribution were assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Exercise tolerance (VO2 maximum) was determined by treadmill testing. NWO was defined as a BMI <25 kg/m2 and body fat >30% for women or >23% for men. Participants were categorized as lean, NWO, or overweight-obese. Results: A total of 14.7% of subjects were categorized as lean, 23.7% as having NWO, and 61.6% as having overweight-obesity. Plasma adiponectin levels were elevated in the overweight-obesity group (P < 0.05) compared to the lean and NWO groups, which did not differ from each other (P > 0.05). Adiponectin concentrations were inversely associated with BMI, fat mass, fat mass percent, visceral fat, and trunk to leg fat ratio and positively associated with leg fat mass (all P < 0.001). Plasma apelin levels were similar between the three body composition groups (P < 0.05) and were not significantly associated with any body composition indices. Apelin concentrations were inversely related to VO2 maximum (β = −0.03 ± 0.01, p = 0.002). Conclusion: Plasma adiponectin and apelin levels did not distinguish between lean and NWO groups. Positive relationships with leg fat mass and adiponectin suggest the importance of assessing body composition and fat distribution when studying adipokines and cardiometabolic disorders. Further investigations are needed to understand relationships between exercise, body composition, and apelin secretion.