Activation and regulation of alloreactive T cell immunity in solid organ transplantation

• Type of Material: Article
• Authors: Charlotte Duneton, Emory University; Pamela Winterberg, Emory University; Mandy L Ford, Emory University
• Language: English
• Date: 2022-07-27
• Publisher: Springer Nature
• Publication Version: Author Accepted Manuscript (After Peer Review)
• Copyright Statement: © 2022, Springer Nature Limited
• Final Published Version (URL): https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41581-022-00600-0
• Title of Journal or Parent Work: Nature Reviews Nephrology
• Volume: 18
• Start Page: 663
• End Page: 676
• Keywords: allograft rejection; solid organ transplantation; immunological pathways; alloreactive T cells; kidney failure

Abstract

Transplantation is the only curative treatment for patients with kidney failure but it poses unique immunological challenges that must be overcome to prevent allograft rejection and ensure long-term graft survival. Alloreactive T cells are important contributors to graft rejection and a clearer understanding of the mechanisms by which these cells recognize donor antigens — through direct, indirect or semi-direct pathways — will facilitate their therapeutic targeting. Post-T cell priming rejection responses can also be modified by targeting pathways that regulate T cell trafficking, survival cytokines or innate immune activation. Moreover, the quantity and quality of donor-reactive memory T cells crucially shape alloimmune responses. Of note, many fundamental concepts in transplant immunology have been derived from models of infection. However, the programmed differentiation of allograft-specific T cell responses is probably distinct from that of pathogen-elicited responses, owing to the dearth of pathogen-derived innate immune activation in the transplantation setting. Understanding the fundamental (and potentially unique) immunological pathways that lead to allograft rejection is therefore a prerequisite for the rational development of therapeutics that promote transplantation tolerance.