Prevalence of NAFLD in Guatemala following exposure to a protein-energy nutrition intervention in early life

• Type of Material: Article
• Authors: Ahlia Sekkarie, Emory University; Siran He, Emory University; Jean Welsh, Emory University; Usha Ramakrishnan, Emory University; Aryeh Stein, Emory University; Miriam Vos, Emory University
• Language: English
• Date: 2020-07-01
• Publisher: ELSEVIER ESPANA
• Publication Version: Author Accepted Manuscript (After Peer Review)
• Copyright Statement: © 2020 Fundación Clínica Médica Sur, A.C. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U.
• License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International
• Final Published Version (URL): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aohep.2020.04.004
• Title of Journal or Parent Work: ANNALS OF HEPATOLOGY
• Volume: 19
• Issue: 4
• Start Page: 373
• End Page: 379
• Grant/Funding Information: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health [HD075784].
• Keywords: DIAGNOSIS; Guatemala/epidemiology; ORIGINS; RESTRICTION; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; HEPATIC STEATOSIS; Follow-up studies; RISK; Central America; FAMINE; IMPACT; Science & Technology; FATTY LIVER-DISEASE; Cardiovascular diseases/epidemiology; Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Child; Middle aged; GROWTH; Life Sciences & Biomedicine

Abstract

Introduction and objectives: The global prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is approximately 25%, with Hispanic populations at greatest risk. We describe the prevalence of NAFLD in a cohort of Guatemalan adults and examine whether exposure to a protein-energy supplement from conception to two years is associated with lower prevalence of NAFLD. Materials and methods: From 1969 to 1977, four villages in Guatemala were cluster-randomized to receive a protein-energy supplement (Atole) or a no-protein, low-energy beverage (Fresco). We conducted a follow-up of participants from 2015 to 2017. We assessed blood samples (n = 1093; 61.1% women; aged 37–53 years) for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and estimated NAFLD prevalence using the liver fat score. We used generalized linear and logistic models to estimate the difference-in-difference effect of Atole from conception to two years on NAFLD. Results: Median ALT and AST were 19.7 U/L (interquartile range, IQR: 14.1, 27.4) and 26.0 U/L (IQR: 21.4, 32.8), respectively. The median NAFLD liver fat score was 0.2 (IQR: −1.2, 1.6) in women and −1.2 (IQR: −2.2, 0.5) in men (p < 0.0001). The prevalence of NAFLD was 67.4% among women and 39.5% among men (p < 0.0001). The association between Atole exposure from conception to two years and NAFLD was not significant (OR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.50–1.63). Conclusions: NAFLD prevalence among Guatemalan adults exceeds the global average. Protein-energy supplementation in early life was not associated with later NAFLD. There is a need for further studies on the causes and onset of NAFLD throughout the life course.