Effects of Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy on Offspring Externalizing Problems: Contextual Effects in a Sample of Female Twins

• Type of Material: Article
• Authors: Rohan H. Palmer, Emory University; L. Cinnamon Bidwell, University of Colorado at Boulder; Andrew C. Heath, Washington University, St. Louis; Leslie Brick, Emory University; Pamela A. F. Madden, Washington University, St. Louis; Valerie S. Knopik, Rhode Island Hospital
• Language: English
• Date: 2016-05-01
• Publisher: Springer (part of Springer Nature): Springer Open Choice Hybrid Journals
• Publication Version: Author Accepted Manuscript (After Peer Review)
• Copyright Statement: © 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York.
• Final Published Version (URL): http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10519-016-9779-1
• Title of Journal or Parent Work: Behavior Genetics
• ISSN: 0001-8244
• Volume: 46
• Issue: 3
• Start Page: 403
• End Page: 415
• Grant/Funding Information: Dr. Bidwell is supported by K23DA033302.; Dr. Palmer is supported by K01AA021113.; Preparation of the current article was supported by NIH grants DA023134 (Knopik); AA07728 (Heath); AA09022 (Heath); AA11998 (Heath); HD049024 (Heath); AA017688 (Heath); AA021492 (Heath) and DA0027995 (Madden).
• Keywords: Alcohol dependence; Confidence Intervals; Twins; Female; Child; Tobacco dependence; Prevalence; Smoking; Child Behavior Disorders; ADHD; Conduct disorder; Pregnancy; Adolescent; Risk Factors; Mothers; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Humans; Smoking during pregnancy
• Research Categories: Psychology, Behavioral; Health Sciences, Mental Health; Psychology, Developmental

Abstract

Studies of maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) suggest increased risk for cognitive impairment and psychiatric outcomes. However, it is uncertain whether these associations are the direct result of MSDP or related to confounding familial variables associated with MSDP. The current study employed propensity score analysis to examine the effects of MSDP on offspring EXT using data from a large sample of 979 unrelated mothers. Logistic regression models were used to determine the propensity that the offspring of these mothers were likely to be exposed to MSDP [i.e., smoked during only the first trimester (MSDP-EARLY[E]) or smoked throughout their pregnancy (MSDP-THROUGHOUT[T])] given known familial confounders. Analyses focused on the effect of MSDP-E/T on the EXT behavior in offspring of these mothers (N = 1616) were conducted across the distribution of liability for MSDP-E/T and at different levels of risk for MSDP-E/T. MSDP-E/T was associated with offspring EXT problems, but the effects were partly confounded by the familial liability for MSDP. Further, the observed effects were not consistent across all levels of the MSDP risk distribution. These findings suggest a direct association between MSDP and offspring EXT behaviors, and that varied associations observed across studies may be the result of differences in the level of familial confounders that also have an effect on offspring EXT.