Pyrethroid insecticide exposure in school-aged children living in rice and aquacultural farming regions of thailand

• Type of Material: Article
• Authors: Juthasiri Rohitrattana, Chulalongkorn University; Wattasit Siriwong, Chulalongkorn University; Mark Robson, Chulalongkorn University; Parinya Panuwet, Emory University; Dana Barr, Emory University; Nancy Fiedler, Rutgers University
• Language: English
• Date: 2014-01-01
• Publisher: Dove Medical Press
• Publication Version: Final Published Version
• Copyright Statement: © 2014 Rohitrattana et al.
• License: Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported
• Final Published Version (URL): http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S67208
• Title of Journal or Parent Work: Risk Management and Healthcare Policy
• ISSN: 1179-1594
• Volume: 7
• Start Page: 211
• End Page: 217
• Grant/Funding Information: This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Fogarty grants (NIEHS R21ES18722, 5R21ES015465-02), the NIEHS Center grant ES020522, Thai Fogarty International Training and Research in Environmental and Occupational Health (ITREOH) (grant number D43TW007849-01NIHFIC), and the 90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund.
• Keywords: Pyrethroid insecticide; child health; PYR; DCCA; cis/trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid; activity; 3-phenoxybenzoic acid; 3-PBA; environment
• Research Categories: Health Sciences, Public Health

Abstract

Background: Pyrethroid insecticides (PYR) are commonly used in rice farms and household pest control in Thailand. No investigative study has yet been made regarding factors associated with PYR exposure among Thai children. Objective: This study aimed to compare the levels of PYR exposure between children living in rice farms (high-intensity PYR used) and aquacultural areas (low-intensity PYR used) dur­ing the wet and dry seasons in Thailand, during which different amounts of PYR are applied. Environmental conditions and common activities of children were used to identify factors associated with PYR exposure. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. A total of 53 participants aged between 6 and 8 years old were recruited from rice farms and aquacultural areas. A parental-structured interview was used to gather information about PYR use, household environments, and participants’ activities. First voided morning urine samples were collected for PYR urinary metabolites (ie, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid [3-PBA] and cis/trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid [DCCA]) measurements. Hand wipe samples were collected during home visits, to measure PYR residues on the hands. Results and discussion: The concentrations of urinary PYR metabolites were not significantly different between participants who lived in rice farming and those who lived in aquacultural areas, during both wet and dry seasons. Both participant groups had slightly increased urinary PYR metabolites during the wet season compared with the dry season. The results from linear regression analysis revealed that some environmental conditions and activities or practices may be used to predict trends of PYR exposure. Frequency of PYR use in farms (β=0.004) and households (β=0.07), proximity to rice farms (β=0.09), playing in rice farms (β=0.11), and oral exposure from objects exposed to PYR (β=0.08) were likely to be related to increased concentrations of PYR metabolites. These findings suggest that PYR use in rice farms and households may be significant sources of PYR exposure among children living in agricultural areas. However, a bigger sample size may be necessary in a subsequent study, to explore the association between long-term exposure to pesticide and its health effects on children.