Association Between Modifiable Risk Factors and Pharmaceutical Expenditures Among Adults With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in the United States: 2012-2013 Medical Expenditures Panel Survey

• Type of Material: Article
• Authors: Joseph A. Salami, Baptist Health South Florida; Javier Valero-Elizondo, Baptist Health South Florida; Oluseye Ogunmoroti, Baptist Health South Florida; Erica S. Spatz, Yale University; Jamal S. Rana, Kaiser Permanente Northern California; Salim S. Virani, Baylor College of Medicine; Ron Blankstein, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Adnan Younus, Baptist Health South Florida; Alejandro Arrieta, Florida International University; Michael J. Blaha, The Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease; Emir Veledar, Emory University; Khurram Nasir, Baptist Health South Florida
• Language: English
• Date: 2017-06-01
• Publisher: Wiley Open Access: Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial
• Publication Version: Final Published Version
• Copyright Statement: © 2017 The Authors.
• License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
• Final Published Version (URL): http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.004996
• Title of Journal or Parent Work: Journal of the American Heart Association
• ISSN: 2047-9980
• Volume: 6
• Issue: 6
• Keywords: Cardiovascular System & Cardiology; PREVENTION; HEALTH; DIABETES-MELLITUS; BURDEN; MODELS; AMERICAN-HEART-ASSOCIATION; COMORBIDITY; Science & Technology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine; OBESITY; modifiable risk factors; COST; Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; coronary heart disease; pharmaceutical expenditure; HYPERTENSION; cost
• Research Categories: Health Sciences, Medicine and Surgery; Health Sciences, General

Abstract

Background--Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) causes most deaths in the United States and accounts for the highest healthcare spending. The association between the modifiable risk factors (MRFs) of ASCVD and pharmaceutical expenditures are largely unknown. Methods and Results--We examined the association between MRFs and pharmaceutical expenditures among adults with ASCVD using the 2012 and 2013 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. A 2-part model was used while accounting for the survey's complex design to obtain nationally representative results. All costs were adjusted to 2013 US dollars using the gross domestic product deflator. The annual total pharmaceutical expenditure among those with ASCVD was $71.6 billion, 33% of which was for medications for cardiovascular dis ease and 14% medications for diabetes mellitus. The adjusted relationship between MRFs and pharmaceutical expenditures showed significant marginal increase in average annual pharmaceutical expenditure associated with inadequate physical activity ($ 519 [95% confidence interval (CI), $ 12-918; P=0.011]), dyslipidemia ($ 631 [95% CI, $ 168-1094; P=0.008] ), hypertension: ($ 1078 [95% CI, $ 697-1460; P < 0.001)], and diabetes mellitus ($ 2006 [95% CI, $ 1470-2542] ). Compared with those with optimal MRFs (0-1), those with average MRFs (2-3) spent an average of $ 1184 (95% CI, $ 805-1564; P < 0.001) more on medications, and those with poor MRFs (≥4) spent $ 2823 (95% CI, $ 2338-3307; P < 0.001) more. Conclusions--Worsening MRFs were proportionally associated with higher annual pharmaceutical expenditures among patients with established ASCVD regardless of non-ASCVD comorbidity. In-depth studies of the roles played by other factors in this association can help reduce medication-related expenditures among ASCVD patients.