Metabolic flexibility differs by body composition in adults

• Type of Material: Article
• Authors: Siran He, Emory University; Ngoc-Anh Le, VA Medical Center; Manuel Ramírez-Zea, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama Guatemala; Reynaldo Martorell, Emory University; Venkat KM Narayan, Emory University; Aryeh Stein, Emory University
• Language: English
• Date: 2021-12-01
• Publisher: Elsevier Inc.
• Publication Version: Author Accepted Manuscript (After Peer Review)
• Copyright Statement: Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology.
• License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International
• Final Published Version (URL): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.09.730
• Title of Journal or Parent Work: Clinical Nutrition ESPEN
• Volume: 46
• Start Page: 372
• End Page: 379
• Grant/Funding Information: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (Grant No. HD075784). The funding agency had no involvement in the study design, in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, in the writing of the report, nor in the decision to submit the article for publication.
• Keywords: Metabolic flexibility; Biomarker; Obesity; Female; Cardiometabolic disease; Body composition; Meal challenge; Inflammation; Humans; Body Mass Index; Male; Adult; Blood Glucose; Postprandial Period; Body Composition

Abstract

Background & aims: With the rise of global cardiometabolic diseases, it is important to investigate risk factors such as obesity. Metabolic flexibility, the ability to maintain metabolic homeostasis following an acute challenge, can reflect cardiometabolic health. We investigated the association between body composition and the metabolic flexibility following meal consumption in an adult population. Methods: In this study of 1027 participants (mean age 44.0 y ± SD 4.2 y), we administered a mixed-macronutrient meal challenge. Fasting and 2-h postprandial plasma were assayed for lipids, glycemic, and inflammation biomarkers. We characterized metabolic flexibility through meal-induced biomarker responses (%Δ, the difference between postprandial and fasting concentrations, divided by fasting concentration). We then compared the responses by sex-specific tertiles of body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat. Results: With every unit (kg/m2) increase in BMI, %Δ (95% confidence interval) increased by 0.17% (0.09, 0.26%) for total cholesterol, 0.31% (0.07, 0.54%) for triglycerides, and 0.11% (0.01, 0.20%) for apoA-I, whereas insulin elevation was reduced (−6.30%; −8.41, −4.20%), and the reduction in leptin was attenuated (0.64%; 0.25, 1.05%). With each unit (percent) increase in body fat, we observed similar changes in the %Δ of total cholesterol and leptin but not in triglycerides, apoA-I, or insulin. Glucose response increased by 0.29% (0.06, 0.51%) as body fat increases by one unit. Conclusion: Metabolic flexibility, as assessed by biomarker responses to an acute physiological meal challenge, differed by body composition. These findings may help elucidate the pathways through which obesity contributes to cardiometabolic diseases.