Dual energy imaging in cardiothoracic pathologies: A primer for radiologists and clinicians

• Type of Material: Article
• Authors: Amit Gupta, University Hospitals Case Medical Center; Elias Kikano, Emory University; Kaustav Bera, Case Western Reserve University; Dhiraj Baruah, Medical University of South Carolina; Sachin S. Saboo, University of Texas San Antonio; Simon Lennartz, Uniklinik Köln; Nils Große Hokamp, Uniklinik Köln; Ali Gholamrezanezhad, Keck School of Medicine; Robert C. Gilkeson, University Hospitals Case Medical Center; Kai R. Laukamp, Uniklinik Köln
• Language: English
• Date: 2021-01-01
• Publisher: Elsevier
• Publication Version: Final Published Version
• Copyright Statement: © 2021 The Authors
• License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International
• Final Published Version (URL): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejro.2021.100324
• Title of Journal or Parent Work: European Journal of Radiology Open
• Volume: 8
• Start Page: 100324
• End Page: 100324
• Grant/Funding Information: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
• Keywords: VMI, virtual mono-energetic images; SNR, signal to noise ratio; NIH, national institute of health; BT, blalock-taussig; PCD, photon-counting detector; VNC, virtual non-contrast images; kV, kilo volt; AI, artificial intelligence; SPECT, single photon emission computed tomography; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NPV, negative predictive value; PACS, picture archiving and communication system; PPV, positive predictive value; PET, positron emission tomography; TNC, true non contrast; SVC, superior vena cava; Dual energy radiography; DESR, dual-energy subtraction radiography; Photoelectric effect; CAD, computer-aided detection; CR, computed radiography; keV, kilo electron volt; Dual energy CT; TAVI, transcatheter aortic valve implantation; DECT, dual-energy computed tomography
• Research Categories: Health Sciences, Radiology

Abstract

Recent advances in dual-energy imaging techniques, dual-energy subtraction radiography (DESR) and dual-energy CT (DECT), offer new and useful additional information to conventional imaging, thus improving assessment of cardiothoracic abnormalities. DESR facilitates detection and characterization of pulmonary nodules. Other advantages of DESR include better depiction of pleural, lung parenchymal, airway and chest wall abnormalities, detection of foreign bodies and indwelling devices, improved visualization of cardiac and coronary artery calcifications helping in risk stratification of coronary artery disease, and diagnosing conditions like constrictive pericarditis and valvular stenosis. Commercially available DECT approaches are classified into emission based (dual rotation/spin, dual source, rapid kilovoltage switching and split beam) and detector-based (dual layer) systems. DECT provide several specialized image reconstructions. Virtual non-contrast images (VNC) allow for radiation dose reduction by obviating need for true non contrast images, low energy virtual mono-energetic images (VMI) boost contrast enhancement and help in salvaging otherwise non-diagnostic vascular studies, high energy VMI reduce beam hardening artifacts from metallic hardware or dense contrast material, and iodine density images allow quantitative and qualitative assessment of enhancement/iodine distribution. The large amount of data generated by DECT can affect interpreting physician efficiency but also limit clinical adoption of the technology. Optimization of the existing workflow and streamlining the integration between post-processing software and picture archiving and communication system (PACS) is therefore warranted.