Role of coronary artery calcium for stratifying cardiovascular risk in adults with hypertension: The coronary artery calcium consortium

• Type of Material: Article
• Authors: S. M. Iftekhar Uddin, Johns Hopkins University; Mohammadhassan Mirbolouk, Johns Hopkins University; Sina Kianoush, Johns Hopkins University; Olusola A. Orimoloye, Johns Hopkins University; Zeina Dardari, Johns Hopkins University; Seasmus P. Whelton, Johns Hopkins University; Michael D. Miedema, Minneapolis Heart Institute; Khurram Nasir, Yale School of Medicine; John A. Rumberger, Princeton Longevity Center; Leslee Shaw, Emory University; Daniel S. Berman, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Matthew J. Budoff, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; John W. McEvoy, Johns Hopkins University; Kunihiro Matsushita, Johns Hopkins University; Michael J. Blaha, Johns Hopkins University; Garth Graham, Aetna Foundation
• Language: English
• Date: 2019-05-01
• Publisher: American Heart Association
• Publication Version: Author Accepted Manuscript (After Peer Review)
• Copyright Statement: © 2019 American Heart Association, Inc.
• Final Published Version (URL): http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.12266
• Title of Journal or Parent Work: Hypertension
• Volume: 73
• Issue: 5
• Start Page: 983
• End Page: 989
• Grant/Funding Information: Dr. Blaha has received support from NIH award L30 HL110027 for this project.
• Keywords: Calcium; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; hypertension; Survival Rate; Coronary Vessels; Coronary Angiography; Retrospective Studies; Calcinosis; blood pressure; Male; Female; Cause of Death; Coronary Artery Disease; Hypertension; Aged; calcium; Cardiovascular Diseases; Risk Assessment; Middle Aged; Humans; Follow-Up Studies; Incidence; risk; United States; Blood Pressure; cardiovascular disease
• Research Categories: Health Sciences, Medicine and Surgery; Health Sciences, Public Health; Health Sciences, Pathology; Health Sciences, Epidemiology

Abstract

We examined the utility of coronary artery calcium (CAC) for cardiovascular risk stratification among hypertensive adults, including those fitting eligibility for SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial). Additionally, we used CAC to identify hypertensive adults with cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality rates equivalent to those observed in SPRINT who may, therefore, benefit from the most intensive blood pressure therapy. Our study population included 16 167 hypertensive patients from the CAC Consortium, among whom 6375 constituted a "SPRINT-like" population. We compared multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios of coronary heart disease and CVD deaths by CAC category (0, 1-99, 100-399, ≥400). Additionally, we generated a CAC-CVD mortality curve for patients aged >50 years to determine what CAC scores were associated with CVD death rates observed in SPRINT. Mean age was 58.1±10.6 years. During a mean follow-up of 11.6±3.6 years, there were 409 CVD deaths and 207 coronary heart disease deaths. Increasing CAC scores were associated with increased coronary heart disease and CVD mortality (coronary heart disease-CAC 100-399: hazard ratio [95% CI] 1.88 [1.04-3.40], CAC ≥400: 4.16 [2.34-7.39]; CVD-CAC 100-399: 1.93 [1.31-2.83], CAC ≥400: 3.51 [2.40-5.13]). A similar increased risk was observed across 10-year atherosclerotic CVD risk categories and in the SPRINT-like population. A CAC score of 220 (confidence range, 165-270) was associated with the CVD mortality rate observed in SPRINT. CAC risk stratifies adults with hypertension, including those who are SPRINT eligible. A CAC score of 220 can identify hypertensive adults with SPRINT-level CVD mortality risk and, therefore, may be reasonable for identifying candidates for aggressive blood pressure therapy.