Gut integrity in critical illness

• Type of Material: Article
• Authors: Shunsuke Otani, Emory University; Craig Coopersmith, Emory University
• Language: English
• Date: 2019-03-20
• Publisher: BMC (part of Springer Nature)
• Publication Version: Final Published Version
• Copyright Statement: © 2019 The Author(s).
• License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
• Final Published Version (URL): http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40560-019-0372-6
• Title of Journal or Parent Work: Journal of Intensive Care
• ISSN: 2052-0492
• Volume: 7
• Issue: 1
• Start Page: 17
• End Page: 17
• Grant/Funding Information: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (GM072808, GM104323, GM109779, GM113228).
• Keywords: Intestine; Critical illness; Apoptosis; Pathobiome; Microbiome; Epithelium; Sepsis; Bacteria; Intensive care unit; Gut
• Research Categories: Health Sciences, General; Health Sciences, Medicine and Surgery

Abstract

Background: The gut is hypothesized to be the "motor" of critical illness. Under basal conditions, the gut plays a crucial role in the maintenance of health. However, in critical illness, all elements of the gut are injured, potentially worsening multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Main body: Under basal conditions, the intestinal epithelium absorbs nutrients and plays a critical role as the first-line protection against pathogenic microbes and as the central coordinator of mucosal immunity. In contrast, each element of the gut is impacted in critical illness. In the epithelium, apoptosis increases, proliferation decreases, and migration slows. In addition, gut barrier function is worsened via alterations to the tight junction, resulting in intestinal hyperpermeability. This is associated with damage to the mucus that separates the contents of the intestinal lumen from the epithelium. Finally, the microbiome of the intestine is converted into a pathobiome, with an increase in disease-promoting bacteria and induction of virulence factors in commensal bacteria. Toxic factors can then leave the intestine via both portal blood flow and mesenteric lymph to cause distant organ damage. Conclusion: The gut plays a complex role in both health and critical illness. Here, we review gut integrity in both health and illness and highlight potential strategies for targeting the intestine for therapeutic gain in the intensive care unit.