Assessing small airway disease in GLI versus NHANES III based spirometry using area under the expiratory flow-volume curve

• Type of Material: Article
• Authors: Octavian Ioachimescu, Emory University; James K. Stoller, Cleveland Clinic Foundation
• Language: English
• Date: 2019-11-01
• Publisher: BMJ
• Publication Version: Final Published Version
• Copyright Statement: © 2019 Author(s) (or their employer(s))
• License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
• Final Published Version (URL): http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2019-000511
• Title of Journal or Parent Work: BMJ Open Respiratory Research
• Volume: 6
• Issue: 1
• Start Page: e000511
• End Page: e000511
• Grant/Funding Information: The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
• Keywords: Forced Expiratory Volume; Humans; Predictive Value of Tests; lung transplantation; Datasets as Topic; Airway Obstruction; Middle Aged; Male; Aged; Severity of Illness Index; Spirometry; Lung; respiratory measurement; Female; Reference Values; asthma; Prognosis; Plethysmography, Whole Body; Area Under Curve; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; lung physiology; Asthma; Prevalence
• Research Categories: Health Sciences, Medicine and Surgery; Health Sciences, Public Health

Abstract

Background Spirometry interpretation is influenced by the predictive equations defining lower limit of normal (LLN), while 'distal' expiratory flows such as forced expiratory flow at 50% FVC (FEF 50) are important functional parameters for diagnosing small airway disease (SAD). Area under expiratory flow-volume curve (AEX) or its approximations have been proposed as supplemental spirometric assessment tools. We compare here the performance of AEX in differentiating between normal, obstruction, restriction, mixed defects and SAD, as defined by Global Lung Initiative (GLI) or National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III reference values, and using various predictive equations for FEF 50. Methods We analysed 15 308 spirometry-lung volume tests. Using GLI versus NHANES III LLNs, and diagnosing SAD by the eight most common equation sets for forced expiratory flow at 50% of vital capacity lower limits of normal (FEF 50 LLN), we assessed the degree of diagnostic concordance and the ability of AEX to differentiate between various definition-dependent patterns. Results Concordance rates between NHANES III and GLI-based classifications were 93.7%, 78.6%, 86.8%, 88.0%, 93.8% and 98.8% in those without, with mild, moderate, moderately severe, severe and very severe obstruction, respectively (agreement coefficient 0.81 (0.80-0.82)). The prevalence of SAD was 0.6%-6.9% of the cohort, depending on the definition used. The AEX differentiated well between normal, obstruction, restriction, mixed pattern and SAD, as defined by most equations. Conclusions If the SAD diagnosis is established by using mean FEF 50 LLN or a set number of predictive equations, AEX is able to differentiate well between various spirometric patterns. Using the most common predictive equations (NHANES III and GLI), the diagnostic concordance for functional type and obstruction severity is high.