Caffeine increases psychomotor performance on the effort expenditure for rewards task

• Type of Material: Article
• Authors: Margaret C. Wardle, University of Chicago; Michael T. Treadway, Emory University; Harriet De Wit, University of Chicago
• Language: English
• Date: 2012-10-01
• Publisher: Elsevier: 12 months
• Publication Version: Author Accepted Manuscript (After Peer Review)
• Copyright Statement: © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
• License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International
• Final Published Version (URL): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2012.06.016
• Title of Journal or Parent Work: Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior
• ISSN: 0091-3057
• Volume: 102
• Issue: 4
• Start Page: 526
• End Page: 531
• Grant/Funding Information: MCW is supported by a National Institute on Drug Abuse Training grant, T32 DA007255.; The research was supported by grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01 DA002812) to HdW.; The contribution of MTT to this work was supported by F31 MH1087015-02 from the National Institute of Mental Health.
• Keywords: Humans; Psychomotor Performance; Caffeine; Young Adult; Adult; Motivation; Adolescent; Double-Blind Method
• Research Categories: Health Sciences, Mental Health; Psychology, Psychometrics

Abstract

Preclinical studies suggest that cost/benefit decision-making involves interactions between adenosine and dopamine (DA). In rats, DA depletion decreases willingness to incur effort costs, while adenosine antagonism reverses these effects, likely by increasing DA transmission. Caffeine is a non-selective adenosine antagonist commonly used to facilitate effortful tasks, and thus may affect decisions involving effort costs in humans. The current study examined acute effects of 200 mg of caffeine on willingness to exert effort for monetary rewards at varying levels of reward value and reward probability, in young adult light caffeine users. Based on previous findings with amphetamine, we predicted that caffeine would increase willingness to exert effort. At separate sessions, 23 healthy normal adults received placebo or 200 mg caffeine under counterbalanced double-blind conditions, then completed the effort expenditure for rewards task (EEfRT). Measures of subjective and cardiovascular effects were obtained at regular intervals. Caffeine produced small but significant subjective and cardiovascular effects, and sped psychomotor performance on the EEfRT. Caffeine did not alter willingness to exert effort, except in high cardiovascular responders to caffeine, in whom it decreased willingness to exert effort. These results were contrary to our predictions, but consistent with rodent studies suggesting that moderate doses of caffeine alone do not affect effort, but rather only influence effort in the context of DA antagonism. Our results demonstrate that psychomotor speeding and decisional effects on the EEfRT are dissociable, providing additional evidence for the EEfRT as a specific measure of effort-based decision-making. This study provides a starting point for exploring contributions of the adenosine system to motivation in humans.