Impact of the shedding level on transmission of persistent infections in Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP)le

• Type of Material: Article
• Authors: Noa Slater, Bar-Ilan University; Rebecca Mitchell, Emory University; Robert H. Whitlock, University of Pennsylvania; Terry Fyock, University of Pennsylvania; Abani Kumar Pradhan, University of Maryland; Elena Knupfer, Utrecht University; Ynte Hein Schukken, Cornell University; Yoram Louzoun, Bar-Ilan University
• Language: English
• Date: 2016-02-29
• Publisher: BMC Publishing
• Publication Version: Final Published Version
• Copyright Statement: © 2016 Slater et al.
• Final Published Version (URL): http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13567-016-0323-3
• Title of Journal or Parent Work: Veterinary Research
• Volume: 47
• Issue: 1
• Start Page: 38
• End Page: 38
• Grant/Funding Information: Financial Support: USDA JDIP, USDA NIFA Grant #2010-05149 (RMM), NIMBioS.; The support by the Johne’s Disease Integrated Program is acknowledged.; The authors acknowledge the support of the Within-host modeling of MAP infections Working Group at the National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture through NSF Award DBI-1300426, with additional support from The University of Tennessee, Knoxville.; We acknowledge the long term funding of the Regional Dairy Quality Management Alliance through a collaborative contract with the USDA agricultural research services.
• Keywords: Cattle; Veterinary Sciences; Johnes disease; Science & Technology; Calves; Dynamics; Life Sciences & Biomedicine; Epidemic; COLI O157; Simulation; Dairy herd; Patterns; Model
• Research Categories: Health Sciences, Epidemiology; Biology, Animal Physiology; Computer Science; Agriculture, Animal Culture and Nutrition; Biology, Veterinary Science

Abstract

Super-shedders are infectious individuals that contribute a disproportionate amount of infectious pathogen load to the environment. A super-shedder host may produce up to 10 000 times more pathogens than other infectious hosts. Super-shedders have been reported for multiple human and animal diseases. If their contribution to infection dynamics was linear to the pathogen load, they would dominate infection dynamics. We here focus on quantifying the effect of super-shedders on the spread of infection in natural environments to test if such an effect actually occurs in Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). We study a case where the infection dynamics and the bacterial load shed by each host at every point in time are known. Using a maximum likelihood approach, we estimate the parameters of a model with multiple transmission routes, including direct contact, indirect contact and a background infection risk. We use longitudinal data from persistent infections (MAP), where infectious individuals have a wide distribution of infectious loads, ranging upward of three orders of magnitude. We show based on these parameters that the effect of super-shedders for MAP is limited and that the effect of the individual bacterial load is limited and the relationship between bacterial load and the infectiousness is highly concave. A 1000-fold increase in the bacterial contribution is equivalent to up to a 2-3 fold increase in infectiousness.